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Review
. 2022 Mar 2;22(5):1949.
doi: 10.3390/s22051949.

An Atlas of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters in Oceanic Applications

Seyyed Masoud Kargar  1 , Guangbo Hao  1
Affiliations
Review

An Atlas of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters in Oceanic Applications

Seyyed Masoud Kargar et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Nowadays, a large number of sensors are employed in the oceans to collect data for further analysis, which leads to a large number of demands for battery elimination in electronics due to the size reduction, environmental issues, and its laborious, pricy, and time-consuming recharge or replacement. Numerous methods for direct energy harvesting have been developed to power these low-power consumption sensors. Among all the developed harvesters, piezoelectric energy harvesters offer the most promise for eliminating batteries from future devices. These devices do not require maintenance, and they have compact and simple structures that can be attached to low-power devices to directly generate high-density power. In the present study, an atlas of 85 designs of piezoelectric energy harvesters in oceanic applications that have recently been reported in the state-of-the-art is provided. The atlas categorizes these designs based on their configurations, including cantilever beam, diaphragm, stacked, and cymbal configurations, and provides insightful information on their material, coupling modes, location, and power range. A set of unified schematics are drawn to show their working principles in this atlas. Moreover, all the concepts in the atlas are critically discussed in the body of this review. Different aspects of oceanic piezoelectric energy harvesters are also discussed in detail to address the challenges in the field and identify the research gaps.

Keywords: atlas; energy conversion; energy harvesting; ocean; piezoelectric.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Piezoelectric Effect; (a) Direct Piezoelectric Effect; (b) Converse Piezoelectric Effect.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Polarization axes of piezoelectric materials.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Piezoelectric Coupling Modes; (a) 3-1 Coupling Mode; (b) 3-3 Coupling Mode.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Cantilever Beam Configuration; (a) Unimorph; (b) Bimorph.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Diaphragm Configuration.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Cymbal Configuration.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Stacked Configuration.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Power Harvesting Operation; (a) Energy Harvesting System; (b) Energy Harvesting to Storage Steps.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Energy Harvesting System with an Impedance Matching Unit (Shunt).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Characteristics of an Oceanic Wave.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Ocean Regions.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Frequency of different materials’ usage in oceanic applications.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Frequency of different coupling modes’ usage in oceanic applications.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Comparison of the piezoelectric energy harvesters based on their energy sources and output power.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Power density per volume graph of the oceanic piezoelectric energy harvesters.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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