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. 2022 Mar 3;22(5):1998.
doi: 10.3390/s22051998.

Development and Validation of a Framework for Smart Wireless Strain and Acceleration Sensing

Omobolaji Lawal  1 , Amirali Najafi  1 , Tu Hoang  1 , Shaik Althaf V Shajihan  1 , Kirill Mechitov  1 , Billie F Spencer Jr  1
Affiliations

Development and Validation of a Framework for Smart Wireless Strain and Acceleration Sensing

Omobolaji Lawal et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Civil infrastructure worldwide is subject to factors such as aging and deterioration. Structural health monitoring (SHM) can be used to assess the impact of these processes on structural performance. SHM demands have evolved from routine monitoring to real-time and autonomous assessment. One of the frontiers in achieving effective SHM systems has been the use of wireless smart sensors (WSSs), which are attractive compared to wired sensors, due to their flexibility of use, lower costs, and ease of long-term deployment. Most WSSs use accelerometers to collect global dynamic vibration data. However, obtaining local behaviors in a structure using measurands such as strain may also be desirable. While wireless strain sensors have previously been developed by some researchers, there is still a need for a high sensitivity wireless strain sensor that fully meets the general demands for monitoring large-scale civil infrastructure. In this paper, a framework for synchronized wireless high-fidelity acceleration and strain sensing, which is commonly termed multimetric sensing in the literature, is proposed. The framework is implemented on the Xnode, a next-generation wireless smart sensor platform, and integrates with the strain sensor for strain acquisition. An application of the multimetric sensing framework is illustrated for total displacement estimation. Finally, the potential of the proposed framework integrated with vision-based measurement systems for multi-point displacement estimation with camera-motion compensation is demonstrated. The proposed approach is verified experimentally, showing the potential of the developed framework for various SHM applications.

Keywords: framework; multimetric sensing; strain sensor; structural health monitoring; wireless smart sensor.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Wheatstone bridge circuit diagram.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Wheatstone bridge with digital potentiometers.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Xnode Smart Sensor. (a) Original Xnode platform. (b) Newly designed strain sensor extension.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Diagram of software implemented autobalancing and shunt calibration process.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Flowchart of proposed multimetric sensing framework.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Static strain verification test set up. (a) Physical set up. (b) Schematic.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Two-story shear frame for dynamic strain verification test. The inset shows the 350 Ω employed for the study.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Dynamic strain verification. (a) Time domain comparison of strain response of wireless and wired sensing systems. (b) Power spectral densities of wireless and wired strain responses.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Comparison of estimated and reference first-story displacement. (a) Time domain comparison. (b) Time domain close-up view.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Comparison of estimated and reference first-story displacement in frequency domain.
Figure 11
Figure 11
First-story displacement errors from different methods.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Linear rail set up for inducing translational camera motion.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Comparison of estimated and reference second-story displacement: (a) in time domain before compensation of vibrating camera; (b) errors before compensation of vibrating camera.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Comparison of estimated and reference second-story displacement: (a) in time domain after compensation of vibrating camera; (b) errors after compensation of vibrating camera.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Comparison of estimated and reference second-story displacement in frequency domain.
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