Deciphering chemical profiling, pharmacological responses and potential bioactive constituents of Saussurea lappa Decne. Extracts through in vitro approaches

Abstract

Despite advancement in modern medicines, plant derived medicines have still wide range utilities as they have less side effects and are cheap and biocompitable. Sassurea lappa is an extensively used plant in traditional medicinal formulations. Plant roots are used to cure various diseases including cancer, rheumatic pain, abdominal and nervous disorders. The present study was aimed for the evalution of biological potentials of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Saussurea lappa root, leaf, seed and flower. The methanolic and chloroform extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. Identification of functional groups was performed using Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Antioxidant potential was determined via diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total reducing power (TRP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) method, anti-hemolytic potential was conducted on human RBCs, antibacterial activity was evaluated against six American type culture collection (ATCC) and three multi drug resistance (MDR) strains, cytotoxic and phytotoxic potentials were evaluated through brine shrimp lethality assay and raddish seed assay respectively. Experiments were performed in triplicates and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied using statistics version-8.1. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sixteen secondary metabolites. Fourteen functional groups were identified through FTIR. S. lappa root methanolic (SLRM) showed maximum antioxidant activity index (AAI-79.42%) whereas chloroform extract of leaves (SLLC) gave highest antibacterial activity with maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.4 mm). Maximum cytotoxicity was observed for SLRM with lethal dose concentration (LC₅₀) of 58.8 µg/mL. However, root extracts showed significant phytotoxicity (15% germination). The current study investigated that bioactive compounds present in S. lappa leaves, seed, flower and roots were responsible for enhanced biological potentials. Further studies on isolation and characterization of these bioactive compounds may help in drug development. In future, we recommend different in-vitro and in-vivo studies to further confirm it biopharmacological potencies.

Keywords: Anti-hemolytic; Antibacterial; Antioxidant; Cytotoxic; S. lappa.

Fig. 1

FTIR analysis of methanolic extracts of S. lappa(A) SLRM (B) SLLM (C) SLSM (D) SLFM (E) SLRC (F) SLLC (G) SLSC (H) SLFC.

Fig. 2

FTIR analysis of chloroform extracts of S. lappa(A) SLRC (B) SLLC (C) SLSC (D) SLFC.

Fig. 3

Total reducing power of S. lappa(A) Methanolic extracts (B) Chloroform extracts Results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3) each letter (A-O) represents level of significance at P < 0.05 (LSD).

Fig. 4

Total antioxidant capacity of S. lappa(A) Methanolic extracts (B) Chloroform extracts. Results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3) each letter (A-P) represents level of significance at P < 0.05 (LSD).

Fig. 5

Antioxidant activity index (AAI %) of S. lappa root, leaf, seed and flower.

Fig. 6

Anti-hemolytic activity of S. lappa (A) Methanolic extracts. (B) Chloroform extracts. Results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3) each letter (A-P) represents level of significance at P < 0.05 (LSD).

Fig. 7

Phytotoxic activity of S. lappa(A) Phytotoxic effect of methanolic extracts on radish root length. (B) Phytotoxic effect of chloroform extracts on radish root length. (C) Percentage germination of radish seeds in methanolic extracts.(D) Percentage germination of radish seeds in chloroform extracts. Results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3) each letter (A-K) represents level of significance at P < 0.05 (LSD).