Could Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP)-Specific Radioligands Be Considered as Pan-Tumor Agents?

Abstract

Background: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can strongly modulate the response to therapy of malignant tumor cells, facilitating their continuous proliferation and invading behaviors. In this context, several efforts were made in identifying the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as a CAF recognizer and in designing FAP-specific PET radiotracers (as ⁶⁸Ga-FAPI) along with FAP-specific therapeutic radioligands. Herein, we review different clinical studies using the various FAP-specific radioligands as novel theranostic agents in a wide range of oncologic and nononcologic indications.

Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted on the PubMed and Scopus databases to find relevant published articles concerning the FAP-specific PET imaging as well as the FAP-specific radionuclide therapy in patients with oncologic and nononcologic indications. The enrolled studies were dichotomized into oncologic and nononcologic categories, and the required data were extracted by precisely reviewing the whole text of each eligible study. A meta-analysis was also performed comparing the detection rates of ⁶⁸Ga-FAPI vs. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT using odds ratio (OR) and risk difference as outcome measures.

Results: Of the initial 364 relevant papers, 49 eligible articles (1479 patients) and 55 case reports were enrolled in our systematic review. These studies observed high radiolabeled FAPI avidity as early as 10 minutes after administration in primary sites of various malignant tumors. Based on the meta-analysis which was done on the reported detection rates of the ⁶⁸Ga-FAPI and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scans, the highest OR belonged to the primary lesion detection rate of gastrointestinal tumors (OR = 32.079, 95% CI: 4.001-257.212; p = 0.001) with low heterogeneity (I² = 0%). The corresponding value of the nodal metastases belonged to hepatobiliary tumors (OR = 11.609, 95% CI: 1.888-71.365; p = 0.008) with low heterogeneity (I² = 0%). For distant metastases, the highest estimated OR belonged to nasopharyngeal carcinomas (OR = 77.451, 95% CI: 7.323-819.201; p < 0.001) with low heterogeneity (I² = 0%).

Conclusions: The outperformance of ⁶⁸Ga-FAPI PET/CT over ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in identifying certain primary tumors as well as in detecting their metastatic lesions may open indications for evaluation of cases with inconclusive ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT findings. What needs to be emphasized is that the false-positive results might be problematic and must be taken into account in ⁶⁸Ga-FAPI PET/CT interpretation. More clarification on the role of FAPI radioligands in oncologic imaging, radionuclide therapy, and radiotherapy treatment planning is therefore required.

Figure 1

PRISMA flow chart of the adopted search strategy.

Figure 2

OR, risk differences and related heterogeneity indices of detection rates of radiolabeled FAPI guided and ¹⁸F-FDG directed PET/CT scans for different cancers in primary tumor as well as lymph node and distant metastases.

Figure 3

OR, risk differences and related heterogeneity indices of detection rates of radiolabeled FAPI guided and ¹⁸F-FDG directed PET/CT scans for nasopharyngeal carcinomas in primary tumor as well as lymph node and distant metastases.

Figure 4

OR, risk differences and related heterogeneity indices of detection rates of radiolabeled FAPI guided and ¹⁸F-FDG directed PET/CT scans for gastrointestinal carcinomas in primary tumor as well as lymph node and distant metastases.

Figure 5

OR, risk differences and related heterogeneity indices of detection rates of radiolabeled FAPI guided and ¹⁸F-FDG directed PET/CT scans for hepatic tumors.