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. 2022 Feb 25:12:636639.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636639. eCollection 2021.

The Biogeography of Fungal Communities Across Different Chinese Wine-Producing Regions Associated With Environmental Factors and Spontaneous Fermentation Performance

Ruilong Li  1 , Siyu Yang  1 , Mengyuan Lin  1 , Sijiang Guo  1 , Xiaoyu Han  1 , Mengmeng Ren  1 , Le Du  2 , Yinghui Song  3 , Yilin You  1 , Jicheng Zhan  1 , Weidong Huang  1
Affiliations

The Biogeography of Fungal Communities Across Different Chinese Wine-Producing Regions Associated With Environmental Factors and Spontaneous Fermentation Performance

Ruilong Li et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

Chinese Marselan grapes are believed to possess the potential to become a characteristic regional variety, whose quality is internationally recognized. The fermentation-related mycobiota from six climatically diverse Marselan-producing regions in China were analyzed via high-throughput sequencing (HTS), while the influence of environmental factors was evaluated as well. The results implied that the phyla Ascomycota and genus Aureobasidium dominated the fungal communities in 166 Marselan must and fermented samples. Significant differences were detected in the fungal microbiota from the regions, as well as the wineries, while these discrepancies decreased as the fermentation progressed. Moreover, the discrepancy in fungal communities between the wineries exceeded the variation involving the regions. Geoclimatic elements (Gc) and physicochemical indexes (Pi) exerted a significant effect on the fungal must consortium, explaining 58.17% of the taxonomic information. Furthermore, a correlation was proposed between the spontaneous fermentation performance and their association with fungal taxonomic composition. In addition to depicting a fundamental landscape of fungal biogeography patterns across Chinese main wine-producing regions, we firstly proposed the correlation between the must polyphenol content and fungal microbiota, which may provide a new strategy for harnessing autochthonous "microbial terroir."

Keywords: Marselan; fungal community; geoclimatic element; high-throughput sequencing; spontaneous fermentation.

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Conflict of interest statement

LD was employed by the company Wuhan Donghu Big Data Trading Center Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Relative abundance percentages (%) of the Marselan must and fermented sample fungal genera from different regions.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Marselan must fungal communities. (A) Relative abundance percentages (%) of the Marselan must fungal genera from different regions. (B) Wilcoxon test involving the Marselan must fungal species numbers of different regions. (C) Relative abundance percentages (%) of the Marselan must fungal genera of different wineries. (D) Wilcoxon test involving the Marselan must fungal species numbers of different wineries. The symbols *, **, and *** represent significant differences.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Coordinate and cluster analysis of the Marselan must fungal communities of different regions and wineries. (A) Weighted UniFrac PCoA plot of the Marselan must fungal communities. (B) OPLS-DA plot of the Marselan must fungal communities. (C) Weighted UniFrac PCoA plot of the Marselan fermented sample fungal communities. (D) OPLS-DA plot of the Marselan fermented sample fungal communities. Different colors correspond to different regions, and different shapes correspond to different wineries within a region.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
LEfSe results reporting the biomarkers of different regions in the Marselan must fungal communities.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
(A) RDA and (B) VPA of the environmental factors related to the Marselan must fungal communities. For the VPA, the variables presented in the RDA were separated into two groups: Gc (SR, AT, AST, LAT, LNT, and ET), and Pi (TS, PP, TA, and pH).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Spearman correlation analysis of the correlation between the major fungi abundance in the Marselan must and various environmental factors. The different color intensities represent the degree of correlation. “*”, significant (P < 0.05); “**”, extremely significant (P < 0.01). Factors abbreviations: latitude (LAT), longitude (LNT), altitude (AE), average temperature (AT), average soil temperature (AST), solar radiation (SR), evaporation capacity (ET), pH, total sugar (TS), total acid (TA), and polyphenol (PP).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Spearman correlation analysis of the correlation between the fungal composition in the Marselan fermented samples and physicochemical index variations of the spontaneous fermented wine. The different color intensities represent the degree of correlation. “*”, significant (P < 0.05); “**”, extremely significant (P < 0.01). Factors abbreviations: total acid (TA), polyphenol (PP), anthocyanins (AC), acetic acid (AA), and fermentation rate (FR).
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