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. 2022 Mar 4;8(3):e09060.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09060. eCollection 2022 Mar.

Status of disease prevalence, drugs and antibiotics usage in pond-based aquaculture at Narsingdi district, Bangladesh: A major public health concern and strategic appraisal for mitigation

Md Abu Kawsar  1 , Md Tariqul Alam  1 , Debasish Pandit  2 , Md Moshiur Rahman  3 , Mamun Mia  4 , Anuradha Talukdar  4 , Tofael Ahmed Sumon  3
Affiliations

Status of disease prevalence, drugs and antibiotics usage in pond-based aquaculture at Narsingdi district, Bangladesh: A major public health concern and strategic appraisal for mitigation

Md Abu Kawsar et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

This research aimed to investigate the present status of disease prevalence and usage of aqua drugs for various aquaculture operations in the Narsingdi region of Bangladesh. Data were collected through the market survey, preset questionnaire interview, personal contact, and participatory rural appraisal tools. Amongst the respondents, the maximum percentages were found practicing mixed cultures of carp, tilapia, and pangas. The respondents suggested that epizootic ulcerative syndrome, saprolegniasis, streptococcosis, tail and fin rot and bacillary necrosis are common fish diseases in the area. About 140 drugs of different companies used in aquaculture for different purposes such as disease treatment, growth enhancement, water quality improvement, toxic gas removal, improvement of feed conversion ratio. Zeolite, rotenone, disinfectant, oxygen precursors, ammonia reducers, and probiotics were applied for pond preparation, water, and soil quality maintenance, while 30 different antibiotics were used for the purpose of treatment. Among the available antibiotics, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, sulphadiazine, and trimethoprim were found extensively used by the fish farmers. Four enzymes and eighteen growth promoters were identified as being utilized to enhance digestion and boost up the production. This study elicited various issues connected with application and administration of such aqua chemicals, including farmers' ignorance about their usage, proper doses, application methods, withdrawal period, and the human health concerns associated with their irresponsible use. However, the consequences of these chemical products to the environment, animal health, and human health required further study for the betterment of mankind.

Keywords: Antibiotics; Antimicrobial resistance; Fish health management; Probiotics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map showing study areas in Narsingdi district. A total of 6 upazilas i.e., Belabo, Monohardi, Narsingdi South, Palash, Raipur and Shibpur were investigated.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Categories of fish cultured in the study area.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Drugs and chemicals used (%) for pond preparation.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Disinfectants used in the study areas.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Oxygen enhancers used in the study areas.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Antibiotics used in the study area.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Growth promoters used in the study area.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Probiotics used in the study area.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Gas reducers used in the study area.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Enzymes used in the study area.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Antiparasitics used in the study area.
Figure 12
Figure 12
The possible exposure pathway of antibiotics through a hypothetically illustrated aquaculture setup. Different sources like raw materials of the feed, some intentional approaches of the farmers, and various waste disposals input the antibiotics into the setup, which afterward affect the local environment and public health through contaminated water sources and sediments, including consumption and handling of the aquaculture end products and in consequences, antimicrobial resistance becomes developed into different ecological compartments (Santos and Ramos, 2018; Ngogang et al., 2021; Ullah et al., 2020; Thai et al., 2018; Han et al., 2017; Chowdhury et al., 2015; Pruden et al., 2013).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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