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. 2022 Mar 14;17(1):18.
doi: 10.1186/s13722-022-00287-5.

Using intervention mapping for hookah smoking cessation: a quasi-experimental evaluation

Sakineh Dadipoor  1 , Ali Heyrani  2 , Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh  3 , Teamur Aghamolaei  4 , Mohtasham Ghaffari  5 , Amin Ghanbarnejad  6
Affiliations

Using intervention mapping for hookah smoking cessation: a quasi-experimental evaluation

Sakineh Dadipoor et al. Addict Sci Clin Pract. .

Abstract

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the results of a theory-based and systematic intervention on Hookah Tobacco Smoking (HTS) cessation in women local to Bandar Abbas, Iran.

Methods: In the present quasi-experimental research, we used an intervention mapping approach to develop, implement, and evaluate an education and training course as our intervention. Applying the results of a systematic review and two prior local qualitative studies, we identified six HTS determinants and set goals for the intervention. We selected 212 eligible women through systematic stratified random sampling and enrolled them in control and intervention groups. The course was presented to the intervention group in 17 sessions for four months. The educational material was developed to address the goals of the intervention, improve HTS determinants, and change the HTS behavior. We used a questionnaire to collect data on participants' characteristics, HTS behavior, and detailed determinants of HTS in the control and intervention groups at the beginning of the study, at the end of the intervention, and at three- and six- months follow-up. All work done in the study was guided by ethical considerations.

Results: The results showed no significant difference between women enrolled in control and intervention groups regarding participants' characteristics and HTS behavior. At baseline, there were no differences between groups for six determinants of HTS (knowledge, attitude, social norms, self-efficacy, habit, and intention). At the end of the intervention and at three and six months follow-up, the women in the intervention group had significantly better results in all six domains, compared with those in the control group. The rate of HTS abstinence at the end of the intervention and at the three- and six-month follow-ups was 61.3%, 48.5%, and 45.5% for the intervention and 16%, 14.4%, and 10% for the control groups, respectively.

Conclusions: HTS is a complicated behavior, and its cessation is hard. However, Intervention Mapping (IM) can be a powerful integrative, purposeful, theory-based, and participation-based method to reduce or cease HTS. This method should be tested in other settings.

Trial registration: IRCT20190126042494N1, Registered 3.3.2019. https://en.irct.ir/trial/37129.

Keywords: Experiment; Hookah smoking; Intervention mapping; Tobacco; Women.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Steps of intervention (Education and Training for HTS Cessation) design based on IM
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Intervention profile
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mean HTS determinants and behavior scores (frequency of HTS per week and the cessation rate) in research groups
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
HTS abstinence at the particular occasions during the study in control and the intervention groups
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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