Differential neural sensitivity to social inclusion and exclusion in adolescents in foster care

Abstract

Objectives: Adolescents in foster care may exhibit differential patterns of brain functioning that contribute to their pervasive socioemotional challenges. However, there has been limited investigation of implicated neural processes, particularly in the social domain. Thus, the current study investigated neural responses to exclusionary and inclusionary peer interactions in adolescents in foster-care.

Methods: Participants comprised adolescents aged 11-18 years in foster care (N = 69) and a community sample (N = 69). They completed an fMRI adaptation of Cyberball, a virtual ball-throwing paradigm, that included periods of exclusion and over-inclusion. To investigate neural sensitivity to peer social experiences, we quantified neural responses that scaled with consecutive inclusionary and exclusionary interactions (using parametric modulators).

Results: Relative to the community sample, adolescents in foster care exhibited increasing response to consecutive exclusionary events in lateral prefrontal regions and decreasing response to consecutive inclusionary events in the intraparietal sulcus and temporo-occipital cortex. Further, exploratory analyses revealed that dorsolateral prefrontal activation to exclusion was related to externalizing problems, particularly in the foster care sample.

Conclusions: Findings highlight greater neural sensitivity to exclusionary, and lesser sensitivity to inclusionary, peer interactions in adolescents in foster care. Engagement of prefrontal clusters may reflect greater salience and emotion regulatory processes during exclusion, while parietal and temporal clusters may reflect reduced attention and behavioural engagement during inclusion. Thus foster care involvement is associated with broad changes in neural responses during peer interactions, and further these potentially relate to externalizing problems that have been identified in this vulnerable population.

Keywords: Adolescence; Cyberball; Foster care; Social exclusion; Social inclusion; fMRI.

Fig. 1

Group differences in BOLD response to a) parametric modulator conditions and b) simple effects for Increasing Exclusion, with selected interaction patterns illustrated. Results are FWE cluster-corrected at p < 0.05 (voxel-wise p < 0.001, k = 68). IPS: intraparietal sulcus; OFC: orbitofrontal cortex.

Fig. 2

Associations between ROI response and adversity highlight the rostrolateral (rlPFC) and left dorsolateral (dlPFC) prefrontal cortices, as well as the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.006 (significant following Bonferroni correction for 8 ROIs). ACE: Adverse Childhood Experiences, total score; Exc: Increasing Exclusion; Exc > Inc: Increasing Exclusion > Increasing Inclusion; R: correlation coefficient; lOFC: lateral orbitofrontal cortex; temp_occ: temporooccipital cortex; prec: precuneus.

Fig. 3

a) Associations between ROI response and mental health problems. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.004 (significant following Sidak adjustment for two correlated CBCL scales and Bonferroni correction for 8 ROIs). Exc: Increasing Exclusion; Exc > Inc: Increasing Exclusion > Increasing Inclusion; R: correlation coefficient; rlPFC: rostrolateral prefrontal cortex; lOFC: lateral orbitofrontal cortex; dlPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; IPS: intraparietal sulcus; temp_occ: temporooccipital cortex; prec: precuneus. b) Correlations between externalizing problems and left dlPFC response to Increasing Exclusion within each group reveal stronger brain-behavior correlations in foster care youth.