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Review
. 2022 Mar 7:2022:7636482.
doi: 10.1155/2022/7636482. eCollection 2022.

Fluoride Coatings on Magnesium Alloy Implants

ChuanYao Zhai  1 , Chun Yu Dai  1 , Xun Lv  1 , Biying Shi  1 , Yu Ru Li  1 , Yifan Yang  1 , Di Fan  1 , Eui-Seok Lee  2 , Yunhan Sun  1 , Heng Bo Jiang  1
Affiliations
Review

Fluoride Coatings on Magnesium Alloy Implants

ChuanYao Zhai et al. Bioinorg Chem Appl. .

Abstract

After several years of research and development, it has been reported that magnesium alloys can be used as degradable metals in some medical device applications. Over the years, fluoride coatings have received increasing research attention for improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium. In this paper, different methods for preparing fluoride coatings and the characteristics of these coatings are reported for the first time. The influence of the preparation conditions of fluoride coatings, including the magnesium substrate, voltage, and electrolyte, on the coatings is discussed. Various properties of magnesium fluoride coatings are also summarized, with an emphasis on corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. We screened experiments and papers that planned the application of magnesium fluoride coatings in living organisms. We have selected the literature with the aim of enhancing the performance of in vivo implants for reading and further detailed classification. The authors searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and other databases for 688 relevant papers published between 2005 and 2021, citing 105 of them. The selected time range is the last 16 years. Furthermore, this paper systematically discusses future prospects and challenges related to the application of magnesium fluoride coatings to medical products.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mechanism of formation of the fluoride coating on the AZ31 magnesium alloy [31].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Variation of fluoride coating thickness on the AZ31 alloy as a function of treatment time [31].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scanning electron micrographs of the surface morphologies of uncoated MZZ screws (a–d) and MgF2-coated MZZ screws (e–h) after immersion in SBF for different durations [68].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Coating thickness dependence on the coating time [69].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Variation of coating thickness and chemical compositions with processing voltage. In the figure, the blue triangle data point curve corresponds to the variation of coating thickness with the voltage [32].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Electrochemical corrosion results. OCP (a), PDP (b), Nyquist (c), and bode (d) curves of the bare and HF- and HFU-coated AZ31 alloys [24].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Mechanical properties of Mg and WE43 alloys: (a) compressive, (b) tensile, and (c) bending (compressive yield strength (CYS), ultimate compressive strength (UCS), tensile yield strength (TYS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), bending yield strength (BYS), and ultimate bending strength (UBS)) [52].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Bare and MgF2-coated MZZ during immersion for 30 days. (a) YS, (b) UTS, and (c) EL [68].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Average values of adhesive strength against the detached area for epoxy-coated aluminum samples with different Ti/Zr/V conversion treatment times [85].
Figure 10
Figure 10
Optical observations of coated samples of (a) pure Mg, (b) AF10, (c) AF20, (d) AF30, (e) AF40, (f) AF50, (g) AF60, (h) AF70, (i) AF80, and (j) AF90 [32].
Figure 11
Figure 11
Histological photographs of the implant/bone interfaces around uncoated (a, b), Ca-P coating (c, d), and MgF2 coating (e, f) after 3 months after the operation (I: implant; N: newly formed trabecular bone; circle: magnesium granules) [92].
Figure 12
Figure 12
(a) Specimens of bone tissue reaction around implantations in different groups after various intervals of implantation. (b) Hard tissue section of the interface of implantation and bone in different groups after various intervals of implantation. (c) HE-stained sections around the implantations in different groups after various intervals of implantation. Group A, untreated AZ31 magnesium alloy screw; group T, titanium alloy screw; group F, AZ31 magnesium alloy screw coated with fluorine. These results showed that fluorine coating might promote the formation of new bone without obvious inflammatory reaction and fluorine-coated magnesium [6].
Figure 13
Figure 13
The results of antibacterial property of F-ZrO2 powders. (a) Numbers of bacterial colonies and the antibacterial rates of different groups of F-ZrO2 powders in CFUs counting. (b) Images of colonies of S. mutans after culturing with F-ZrO2 powders for 24 hours. (c) Images of the area of inhibition zones in the agar diffusion test (ADT). (d) SEM images of S. mutans on the specimens of F-ZrO2 disks (the red arrows differentiate the bacteria plaques on the surfaces of specimens) [99].
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