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. 2022 May 1;100(5):skac097.
doi: 10.1093/jas/skac097.

Effects of supplementation rate of an extruded dried distillers' grains cube fed to growing heifers on voluntary intake and digestibility of bermudagrass hay

Jordan M Adams  1 , Jeff Robe  1 , Zane Grigsby  1 , Abigail Rathert-Williams  1 , Mike Major  1 , David L Lalman  1 , Andrew P Foote  1 , Luis O Tedeschi  2 , Paul A Beck  1
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Effects of supplementation rate of an extruded dried distillers' grains cube fed to growing heifers on voluntary intake and digestibility of bermudagrass hay

Jordan M Adams et al. J Anim Sci. .

Abstract

Our objectives were to 1) investigate the difference in chemical composition and disappearance kinetics between loose dried distillers' grains (DDG) and extruded DDG cubes and 2) evaluate the effects of supplementation rate of extruded DDG cubes on voluntary dry matter intake (DMI), rate and extent of digestibility, and blood parameters of growing beef heifers offered ad libitum bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay. To characterize the changes in chemical composition during the extrusion process, loose and extruded DDG were evaluated via near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and dry matter (DM) disappearance kinetics were evaluated via time point in situ incubations. Extruded DDG cubes had greater (P ≤ 0.01) contents of fat, neutral detergent insoluble crude protein, and total digestible nutrients, but lower (P ≤ 0.01) neutral and acid detergent fiber than loose DDG. Additionally, the DM of extruded DDG cubes was more immediately soluble (P < 0.01), had greater (P < 0.01) effective degradability and lag time, and tended (P = 0.07) to have a greater disappearance rate than loose DDG. In the 29-d supplementation rate study, 23 Charolais-cross heifers were randomly assigned to one of four supplemental treatments: 1) control, no supplement; 2) low, 0.90 kg DDG cubes per d; 3) intermediate, 1.81 kg DDG cubes per d; or 4) high, 3.62 kg DDG cubes per d. Titanium dioxide was used as an external marker to estimate fecal output and particulate passage rate (Kp). Blood was collected from each animal to determine supplementation effects on blood metabolites. Indigestible neutral detergent fiber was used as an internal marker to assess the rate and extent of hay and diet DM digestibility (DMD). Increasing supplementation rate increased Kp and total diet DMI linearly (P < 0.01), yet linearly decreased (P < 0.01) hay DMI. Hay DMD decreased quadratically (P < 0.01), while total diet DMD increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increased DDG cube inclusion. Supplemented heifers had greater (P = 0.07) blood urea nitrogen concentrations than control animals 4 h post-supplementation. Intermediate and high rates of supplementation resulted in lower (P < 0.01) serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations post-supplementation than control heifers. Concentrations of serum glucose and lactate were greatest (P ≤ 0.06) 8 h post-supplementation. Our results suggest that extruded DDG cubes may be an adequate supplement for cattle consuming moderate-quality forage, and further research is warranted.

Keywords: digestibility; disappearance; extruded dried distillers’ grains cube; intake; supplementation rate.

Plain language summary

Growing cattle are oftentimes provided supplemental concentrate as a source of protein and energy in order to meet performance goals when consuming low-quality forages. The effects of supplemental concentrate on forage intake vary, which may be related to the quality of forage and the characteristics of the supplement being evaluated. Dried distillers’ grains (DDG) are a by-product of ethanol production and have become a common supplement for growing cattle due to the increased energy and rumen undegradable protein content. A stable DDG cube made via a novel extrusion process may be advantageous for pasture supplementation due to the reduced risk of loss of product from wind and soil mixing that is common with loose DDG. The effects of supplementation rate of traditional concentrate sources on forage intake are abundant, but research regarding extruded DDG cubes is almost nonexistent. Thus, our objective was to evaluate extruded DDG cube supplementation rate (0, 0.90, 1.81, or 3.62 kg DDG cubes per d) for growing cattle on voluntary intake and digestibility of moderate-quality forage. Although increasing supplementation rate reduced forage intake and digestibility, total diet intake and digestibility were increased. Our results suggested that extruded DDG cubes have potential as a supplement for cattle consuming moderate-quality forage.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Linear effect of supplemental dried distillers’ grains (DDG) cube intake on fecal output (P = 0.41; y = −0.1880x + 3.1983; r2 = 0.03). Circle = no supplementation, square = 0.90 kg DDG cubes per d, diamond = 1.81 kg DDG cubes per d, triangle = 3.62 kg DDG cubes per d.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Linear effect of supplemental dried distillers’ grains (DDG) cube intake on particle passage rate (P < 0.01; y = 0.6913x + 2.5480; r2 = 0.50). Circle = no supplementation, square = 0.90 kg DDG cubes per d, diamond = 1.81 kg DDG cubes per d, triangle = 3.62 kg DDG cubes per d.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Effects of supplemental dried distillers’ grains (DDG) cube intake on (A) hay DMI (linear; P < 0.01; y = −1.7800x + 5.3679; r2 = 0.51) and (B) total diet DMI (linear; P = 0.01; y = 1.1484x + 5.3699; r2 = 0.29). Circle = no supplementation, square = 0.90 kg DDG cubes per d, diamond = 1.81 kg DDG cubes per d, triangle = 3.62 kg DDG cubes per d.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Effects of supplemental dried distillers’ grains (DDG) cube intake on (A) hay DMD (quadratic; P < 0.01; y = −15.8044x2 + 2.1320x + 39.4136; r2 = 0.90), (B) total diet DMD (linear; P < 0.01; y = 13.7304x + 40.5147; r2 = 0.91), (C) total diet NDFD (linear; P = 0.01; y = 2.5911x + 36.4947; r2 = 0.27). Circle = no supplementation, square = 0.90 kg DDG cubes per d, diamond = 1.81 kg DDG cubes per d, triangle = 3.62 kg DDG cubes per d.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Effects of dried distillers’ grains (DDG) cube supplementation rate on blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration in heifers consuming bermudagrass hay (circle = no supplementation, square = 0.90 kg DDG cubes per d, diamond = 1.81 kg DDG cubes per d, triangle = 3.62 kg DDG cubes per d; Time = hour of blood collection in relation to time of supplementation). Treatment × time interaction, P = 0.07. Treatment effect, P = 0.01. Time effect, P < 0.01.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Effects of dried distillers’ grain (DDG) cube supplementation rate on serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration in heifers consuming bermudagrass hay (circle = no supplementation, square = 0.90 kg DDG cubes per d, diamond = 1.81 kg DDG cubes per d, triangle = 3.62 kg DDG cubes per d; Time = hour of blood collection in relation to time of supplementation). Treatment × time interaction, P < 0.01. Treatment effect, P < 0.01. Time effect, P < 0.01.
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