Potential Effects of Anthocyanin-Rich Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Extract on the Growth, Intestinal Histomorphology, Blood Biochemical Parameters, and the Immune Status of Broiler Chickens

Abstract

The potential effects of anthocyanin-rich roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract (ARRE) on the growth, carcass traits, intestinal histomorphology, breast muscle composition, blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity, and immune status of broiler chickens were evaluated. In the present study, Hibiscus acidified ethanolic extract was reported to have a total anthocyanin content of about 359.3 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g DW, total polyphenol concentration (TPC) of about 598 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g DW, and total flavonoids (TFs) of about 100 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g DW. Two-hundred-fifty one-day-old chicks (Ross 308 broiler) (87.85 gm ± 0.32) were randomly allotted to five experimental groups and fed on basal diets supplemented with five levels of ARRE: 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg Kg^-1 for 35 days. Dietary ARRE addition did not improve the birds' growth and carcass traits. Supplemental ARRE increased the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (ω-3) percentage in the breast muscle. Dietary ARRE increased the villous height, and the ARRE100 group raised the villus height to crypt depth ratio. Dietary ARRE increased the immunoexpression of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the spleen. The serum thyroxine hormone (T4) level was higher in the ARRE200 group. The serum growth hormone level was increased by ARRE addition in a level-dependent manner. According to the broken-line regression analysis, the optimum inclusion level of ARRE was 280 mg Kg^-1. All levels of supplemental ARRE decreased the serum triglyceride level. The serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was increased in the ARRE100-ARRE400 groups, the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) level was increased in the ARRE200 group, and the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level was decreased by increasing the ARRE level. Supplemental ARRE significantly increased the serum levels of lysozymes and IL10. The serum complement 3 (C3) level was increased in ARRE200 and ARRE400 groups. It can be concluded that dietary ARRE addition had many beneficial effects represented by the improvements in the bird's metabolic functions, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology, antioxidant activity, immune status, and higher ω-3 content in the breast muscles. However, it had no improving effect on the birds' growth.

Keywords: anthocyanin; bird’s health; broilers; growth; intestinal morphometry.

Figure 1

HPLC chromatogram of Hibiscus anthocyanins at 521 nm.

Figure 2

Photomicrograph of the small intestine: duodenum (A–E), jejunum (F–J), and ilium (K–Q) stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain; ARRE0 (A,F,K), ARRE50 (B,G,L), ARRE100 (C,H,M), ARRE200 (D,I,N), ARRE400 (E,J,Q).

Figure 3

Photomicrograph of splenic tissues immunostained with IgG antibody: (A) spleen of ARRE0 group showing mild expression of IgG (31.42%) within white pulp (arrowhead); (B) The spleen of the ARRE50 group showed an increase of IgG immunostaining expression of IgG (58.49%) within white pulp (arrowheads); (C) The spleen of ARRE100 showed a marked increase of IgG immunostaining (70.25%) within the white pulp (arrowheads); (D) The spleen of ARRE200 showed an increase of immunostaining expression of IgG (46.40%) within the white pulp (arrowheads); (E) The spleen of ARRE400 showed increased IgG immunostaining (47.41%) within white pulp (arrowheads). Bar = 50 µm. (F) showed morphometric measures of IgG immunostaining expression (%). ^a,b means carrying different superscripts are significantly different at (p < 0.05).

Figure 4

The broken-line regression model shows the optimum dietary level of ARRE addition based on the data of TBWG (A), FCR (B), growth hormone (C), and T4 (D).