Improving Rabbit Doe Metabolism and Whole Reproductive Cycle Outcomes via Fatty Acid-Rich Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Supplementation in Free and Nano-Encapsulated Forms

Abstract

The effects of free and nano-encapsulated ME supplementations on the metabolism, immunity, milk production and composition, and reproductive performance of rabbit does during premating, mating, pregnancy, and lactation were investigated. Multiparous rabbit does (n = 26 per group) received 50 mg of free ME (FME) daily, 25 mg of nano-encapsulated ME (HNME), or 10 mg of nano-encapsulated ME (LNME) per kilogram of body weight or were not supplemented (C) during a whole reproductive cycle. The ME contained 30 fatty acids with 54.27% total unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs). The fatty acid encapsulation efficiency of alginate nanoparticles was 70.46%. Compared with the C group, rabbits in all ME treatments had significantly increased body weight, feed intake, and glucose concentration and significantly decreased non-esterified free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Rabbits supplemented with ME also had significantly increased white blood cell counts, phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin G and decreased interleukin-1β concentrations. Moreover, ME supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of colostrum immunoglobulins, milk yield and energy content, and milk USFAs (omega-3 and 6). Rabbit does in the ME treatments had significantly higher conception and parturition rates and better litter characteristics than the C rabbit does. These results demonstrate the positive role of ME fatty acids on the health status and productive and reproductive performance of rabbit does at different physiological stages. Compared with the FME treatment, these parameters were further improved in rabbits that received nano-encapsulated ME at lower doses, illustrating how nano-encapsulation technology improves the bioavailability of ME.

Keywords: Moringa; encapsulation; fatty acid; immunoglobulins; milk; reproduction.

Figure 1

Means (± SEM) treatment by physiological status effects on body weight (a), feed intake (b), blood plasma glucose (c), non-esterified free fatty acids (d), and β-hydroxybutyra© (e) of multiparous rabbit does supplemented with 0 mg/kg BW (C), 50 mg/kg BW free ME (FME), 25 mg/kg BW nano-encapsulated ME (HNME), and 10 mg/kg BW nano-encapsulated ME (LNME). The means of different treatments within the same physiological status with different lowercase letter superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Figure 2

Means (± SEM) treatment by physiological status interaction effects on immunity variables; white blood cell (a), lymphocytes (b), monocytes (c), eosinocytes (d), neutro©es (e), phagocytic activity (f), lysozyme activity (g), interleukin-1β (h), immunoglobulin G (i) and immunoglobulin M (j) of multiparous rabbit does supplemented with 0 mg/kg BW (C), 50 mg/kg BW free ME (FME), 25 mg/kg BW nano-encapsulated ME (HNME), and 10 mg/kg BW nano-encapsulated ME (LNME). The means of different treatments within the same physiological status with different lowercase letter superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Figure 2

Means (± SEM) treatment by physiological status interaction effects on immunity variables; white blood cell (a), lymphocytes (b), monocytes (c), eosinocytes (d), neutro©es (e), phagocytic activity (f), lysozyme activity (g), interleukin-1β (h), immunoglobulin G (i) and immunoglobulin M (j) of multiparous rabbit does supplemented with 0 mg/kg BW (C), 50 mg/kg BW free ME (FME), 25 mg/kg BW nano-encapsulated ME (HNME), and 10 mg/kg BW nano-encapsulated ME (LNME). The means of different treatments within the same physiological status with different lowercase letter superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).