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Review
. 2022 Mar 7;12(3):413.
doi: 10.3390/biom12030413.

Hormones and Sex-Specific Medicine in Human Physiopathology

Maria Raza Tokatli  1 , Leuconoe Grazia Sisti  2   3 , Eleonora Marziali  2 , Lorenza Nachira  2 , Maria Francesca Rossi  4 , Carlotta Amantea  4 , Umberto Moscato  2   4 , Walter Malorni  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Hormones and Sex-Specific Medicine in Human Physiopathology

Maria Raza Tokatli et al. Biomolecules. .

Abstract

A prodigious increment of scientific evidence in both preclinical and clinical studies is narrowing a major gap in knowledge regarding sex-specific biological responses observed in numerous branches of clinical practices. Some paradigmatic examples include neurodegenerative and mental disorders, immune-related disorders such as pathogenic infections and autoimmune diseases, oncologic conditions, and cardiovascular morbidities. The male-to-female proportion in a population is expressed as sex ratio and varies eminently with respect to the pathophysiology, natural history, incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. The factors that determine this scenario incorporate both sex-associated biological differences and gender-dependent sociocultural issues. A broad narrative review focused on the current knowledge about the role of hormone regulation in gender medicine and gender peculiarities across key clinical areas is provided. Sex differences in immune response, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, cancer, and COVID-19 are some of the hints reported. Moreover, gender implications in occupational health and health policy are offered to support the need for more personalized clinical medicine and public health approaches to achieve an ameliorated quality of life of patients and better outcomes in population health.

Keywords: cancer; cardiovascular diseases; gender medicine; immunity; infectious diseases; neurodegenerative diseases; neurological diseases; sex hormones.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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