Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Mar 11;19(6):3340.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063340.

Parenting Styles as a Moderator of the Association between Pubertal Timing and Chinese Adolescents' Drinking Behavior

Hui Ling  1 , Yaqin Yan  1   2 , Hong Feng  3 , Amin Zhu  1 , Jianren Zhang  1 , Siyang Yuan  4
Affiliations

Parenting Styles as a Moderator of the Association between Pubertal Timing and Chinese Adolescents' Drinking Behavior

Hui Ling et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Previous work has indicated that pubertal timing and parenting styles are associated with adolescents' drinking behavior, but studies on the relationship between the above three variables are lacking.

Methods: Participants were 1408 Chinese adolescents aged 11-16 years old (46.52% girls). The data emphasized pubertal timing, parenting styles, drinking behavior, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the adolescent and his or her family.

Results: Early pubertal timing was related to drinking behavior; however, parenting styles played a moderating role. For male adolescents, father emotional warmth, mother rejection, and mother emotional warmth moderated the relationship between early pubertal timing and drinking behavior. For female adolescents, mother rejection, mother emotional warmth, and mother over-protection moderated the relationship between pubertal timing and drinking behavior.

Conclusions: Parenting styles that include emotional warmth, rejection, and over-protection appear to influence the negative outcomes associated with early pubertal timing, and may be useful in reducing adolescents' drinking behavior.

Keywords: drinking behavior; parenting styles; puberty timing.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The two-way interaction between PT and MR in predicting boys’ DBs. Note: PDS, the total score of pubertal development scale; MR, mother rejection; DBs, drinking behaviors.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The two-way interaction between PT and FEW in predicting boys’ DBs. Note: PDS, the total score of pubertal development scale; FEW, father emotional warmth; DBs, drinking behaviors.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The two-way interaction between PT and MEW in predicting boys’ SBs. Note: PDS, the total score of pubertal development scale; MEW, mother emotional warmth; DBs, drinking behaviors.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The two-way interaction between PT and MR in predicting girls’ DBs. Note: PDS, the total score of pubertal development scale; MR, mother rejection; DBs, drinking behaviors.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The two-way interaction between PT and MOP in predicting girls’ DBs. Note: PDS, the total score of pubertal development scale; MOP, mother over-protection; DBs, drinking behaviors.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The two-way interaction between PT and MEW in predicting girls’ DBs. Note: PDS, the total score of pubertal development scale; MEW, mother emotional warmth; DBs, drinking behaviors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Thompson S.M., Hammen C., Brennan P.A. The impact of asynchronous pubertal development on depressive symptoms in adolescence and emerging adulthood among females. J. Youth Adolesc. 2016;45:494–504. doi: 10.1007/s10964-015-0402-1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Westling E.P.D., Andrews J.A.P.D., Hampson S.E.P.D., Peterson M.M.A. Pubertal timing and substance use: The effects of gender, parental monitoring and deviant peers. J. Adolesc. Health. 2008;42:555–563. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.11.002. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weingarden H., Renshaw K.D. Early and late perceived pubertal timing as risk factors for anxiety disorders in adult women. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2012;46:1524–1529. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.07.015. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Cousminer D.L., Widén E., Palmert M.R. The genetics of pubertal timing in the general population: Recent advances and evidence for sex-specificity. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2016;23:57–65. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000213. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Martorell G., Papalia D., Feldman R. A Child’s World. McGraw-Hill; Boston, MA, USA: 2011.