Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Mar 10;15(6):2057.
doi: 10.3390/ma15062057.

Characterization of Titanium Alloy Obtained by Powder Metallurgy

Cristina Ileana Pascu  1 , Claudiu Nicolicescu  1 , Nicoleta Cioateră  2 , Ștefan Gheorghe  1 , Ionuț Geonea  1 , Anca Didu  1
Affiliations

Characterization of Titanium Alloy Obtained by Powder Metallurgy

Cristina Ileana Pascu et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Ti-based alloys are an important class of materials suitable especially for medical applications, but they are also used in the industrial sector. Due to their low tribological properties it is necessary to find optimal technologies and alloying elements in order to develop new alloys with improved properties. In this paper, a study on the influence of sintering treatments on the final properties of a titanium alloy is presented. The alloy of interest was obtained using the powders in following weight ratio: 80% wt Ti, 8% wt Mn, 3% wt Sn, 6% wt Aluminix123, 2% wt Zr and 1% wt graphite. Two sintering methods were used, namely two-step sintering (TSS) and multiple-step sintering (MSS), as alternatives to conventional sintering which uses a single sintering dwell time. Evolution of sample morphology, composition and crystalline structure with sintering method was evidenced. The lower values for the friction coefficient and for the wear rate was attained in the case of the sample obtained by TSS.

Keywords: P/M composites; crystalline structure; eco-friendly parts; multiple-step sintering (MSS); titanium alloy; two-step sintering (TSS); wear behavior.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sintering processes flow chart.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of: (a) TiH2 powder, (b) Mn powder; (c) Sn powder; (d) Zr powder.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Alumix powders: (a) SEM image and (b) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) spectrum.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Numerical particle size distribution of the mixture.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The mixture based on TiH2 powder: (a) SEM image and (b) EDXS spectrum.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Elemental mapping evidencing the component’s dispersion in the mixture: (a) Ti; (b) Mn; (c) Al; (d) Sn; (e) Zr and (f) Cu.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The final physical properties: (a) the average dimensions for green and sintering samples, obtained by two-step sintering (TSS); (b) the average dimensions for green and sintering samples, obtained by multiple-step sintering MSS; (c) green and final density versus sintering cycle (ϕgm—the diameter measured after compaction, ϕsintm—the diameter measured after sintering, hgm—the height of the parts after pressing and hsintm—the height of the parts measured after sintering).
Figure 7
Figure 7
The final physical properties: (a) the average dimensions for green and sintering samples, obtained by two-step sintering (TSS); (b) the average dimensions for green and sintering samples, obtained by multiple-step sintering MSS; (c) green and final density versus sintering cycle (ϕgm—the diameter measured after compaction, ϕsintm—the diameter measured after sintering, hgm—the height of the parts after pressing and hsintm—the height of the parts measured after sintering).
Figure 8
Figure 8
SEM image and EDXS elemental mapping for the sample obtained by TSS: (a) SEM image and overlayed maps, (b) Ti, (c) Zr, (d) C, (e) Al, (f) Sn and (g) Mn map distributions.
Figure 9
Figure 9
SEM image and EDXS elemental mapping for the sample obtained by MSS: (a) SEM image and overlayed maps, (b) Ti, (c) Mn, (d) Sn, (e) C, (f) Al and (g) Zr map distributions.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) (a) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis EDX (b) for sample obtained by TSS.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) (a) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis EDX (b) for sample obtained by TSS.
Figure 11
Figure 11
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) (a) and EDXS (b) for sample obtained by MSS.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Sample obtained by TSS: (a) Worn track image (75X); (b) 3D image; (c) intensity profile.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Sample obtained by MSS: (a) Worn track image (75X); (b) 3D image; (c) intensity profile.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Worn track sections of the samples: obtained by: (a) TSS; (b) MSS.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Zhuravleva K., Bönisch M., Prashanth K.G., Hempel U., Helt A., Gemming T., Calin M., Scudino S., Schultz L., Eckert J., et al. Production of Porous β-Type Ti–40Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications: Comparison of Selective Laser Melting and Hot Pressing. Materials. 2013;6:5700–5712. doi: 10.3390/ma6125700. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. de Viteri V.S., Fuentes E. Titanium and Titanium Alloys as Biomaterials. In: Gegner J., editor. Tribology—Fundamentals and Advancements. IntechOpen; London, UK: 2013. [(accessed on 14 February 2022)]. Available online: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44858.
    1. Baltatu M.S., Vizureanu P., Sandu A.V., Florido-Suarez N., Saceleanu M.V., Mirza-Rosca J.C. New Titanium Alloys, Promising Materials for Medical Devices. Materials. 2021;14:5934. doi: 10.3390/ma14205934. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yu C., Peng C., Jones M.I. Titanium Powder Sintering in a Graphite Furnace and Mechanical Properties of Sintered Parts. Metals. 2017;7:67. doi: 10.3390/met7020067. - DOI
    1. Paramore J.D., Fang Z.Z., Sun P., Koopman M., Chandran K.S.R., Dunstan M. A powder metallurgy method for manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V with wrought-like microstructures and mechanical properties via hydrogen sintering and phase transformation (HSPT) Scripta Mater. 2015;107:103–106. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.05.032. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources