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. 2022 Mar 3;8(3):261.
doi: 10.3390/jof8030261.

Synchronized Efficacy and Mechanism of Alkaline Fertilizer and Biocontrol Fungi for Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4

Yuanqiong Li  1   2 , Shuting Jiang  1   2 , Jiaquan Jiang  1   2 , Chengxiang Gao  1   2 , Xiuxiu Qi  1   2 , Lidan Zhang  1   2 , Shaolong Sun  1   2 , Yinhai Dai  1   2 , Xiaolin Fan  1   2
Affiliations

Synchronized Efficacy and Mechanism of Alkaline Fertilizer and Biocontrol Fungi for Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4

Yuanqiong Li et al. J Fungi (Basel). .

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and mechanism of alkaline fertilizer, bio-control fungi, and their synergistic application on control of Fusarium Tr4 incidence. Synchronized use of the alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi eliminates rhizome browning and reduces the incidence rate of banana Fusarium wilt. The incidence of yellow leaves (ratio of yellow leaf to total leaf) and disease index in +Foc Tr4 CF treatment were the same (65%), while incidence of yellow leaves and disease index in +Foc Tr4 AFBCF were 31% and 33%, respectively. Under the stress of Foc Tr4 infection, the synergistic utilization of the alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi would raise the activities of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in banana roots. The root activity of banana was also increased. As a result, the banana height and stem diameter increments, shoot and root dry weight, accumulation of N, P and K in banana plants had been increased. The efficacy of the synergistic application of alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi was not only reducing Foc Tr4 pathogen colonization and distribution in banana plants, but also preventing tylosis formation in vascular vessel effectively. Therefore, the normal transport of water and nutrients between underground and aboveground is ensured.

Keywords: alkaline fertilizer; antioxidation system; banana Fusarium wilt; biocontrol fungi; root activity; synergistic effect; tylosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comparison of banana growth state 60 days after Foc Tr4 inoculation. CF stands for conventional fertilizer. AF stands for alkaline fertilizer. CFBCF stands for conventional fertilizer and biocontrol fungi. AFBCF stands for alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of browning degree of banana rhizome 60 days after Foc Tr4 inoculation. CF stands for conventional fertilizer. AF stands for alkaline fertilizer. CFBCF stands for conventional fertilizer and biocontrol fungi. AFBCF stands for alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The effect of alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi on incidence of yellow leaves (IYL) and disease index (DI) of banana plants. (a) Incidence of yellow leaves for each treatment; (b) Disease index for each treatment. The two equations are trend-line model of average value of IYL of four +Foc Tr4 treatments (top) and the that of four −Foc Tr4 treatments (bottom), respectively. CF stands for conventional fertilizer. AF stands for alkaline fertilizer. CFBCF stands for conventional fertilizer and biocontrol fungi. AFBCF stands for alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effects of alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi on banana root activity. (a) Effect of each treatment on root activity. (b) Effect of inoculation of pathogen (main plots) on banana root activity. (c) Effect of biocontrol fungi (sub-plots) on banana root activity. Different small case letters on the bars indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) among the treatments. ** indicated that there was extremely significant difference between inoculation and without inoculation of the Foc Tr4 (p ≤ 0.01). CF stands for conventional fertilizer. AF stands for alkaline fertilizer. CFBCF stands for conventional fertilizer and biocontrol fungi. AFBCF stands for alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effects of alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi on N accumulation of banana 60 days after Foc Tr4 inoculation. (a) Effect of each treatment on N accumulation. (b) Effect of inoculation of pathogen (main plots) on N accumulation. (c) Effect of biocontrol fungi (sub-plots) on N accumulation. Different letters on pot of the bars indicated significant difference (p < 0.05) among the treatments. ** indicated that there was extremely significant difference between −Foc Tr4 and +Foc Tr4 (p < 0.01). CF stands for conventional fertilizer. AF stands for alkaline fertilizer. CFBCF stands for conventional fertilizer and biocontrol fungi. AFBCF stands for alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effects of alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi on P accumulation of banana 60 days after Foc Tr4 inoculation. (a) Effect of each treatment on P accumulation. (b) Effect of inoculation of pathogen (main plots) on P accumulation. (c) Effect of biocontrol fungi (sub-plots) on P accumulation. Different letters on the top of the bars indicated significant difference (p < 0.05) among the treatments. CF stands for conventional fertilizer. AF stands for alkaline fertilizer. CFBCF stands for conventional fertilizer and biocontrol fungi. AFBCF stands for alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effects of alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi on K accumulation in banana 60 days after Foc Tr4 inoculation. (a) Effect of each treatment on K accumulation. (b) Effect of inoculation of pathogen (main plot) on K accumulation. (c) Effect of biocontrol fungi (sub-plots) on K accumulation. Different letters on top of the bars indicated significant difference (p < 0.05) among the treatments. * indicated that there was significant difference between −Foc Tr4 and +Foc Tr4 (0.01< p ≤ 0.05). CF stands for conventional fertilizer. AF stands for alkaline fertilizer. CFBCF stands for conventional fertilizer and biocontrol fungi. AFBCF stands for alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Expansion and colonization of GFP-tagged Foc Tr4 pathogen in banana in roots, rhizomes and pseudostem. Roots, rhizomes, and pseudostems were observed in cross sections. Pseudostems 1, 2, and 3 represented the pseudostem from rhizome to the first leaf, the first leaf to the second leaf and the second leaf to the third leaf count backwards, respectively. The electron microscope image indicated by the arrow is a fivefold magnification of the pathogen in the circle; The typical fluorescence image of Foc Tr4 pathogen in bananas is shown in the left column of Figure 8. The obvious hyphae colony image was the Foc Tr4 pathogen and the others were the plants’ own fluorescence. CF stands for conventional fertilizer. AF stands for alkaline fertilizer. CFBCF stands for conventional fertilizer and biocontrol fungi. AFBCF stands for alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi.
Figure 9
Figure 9
SEM images of banana root vessels in +Tr4 CF and +Tr4 AFBCF treatment. (a) Most of the vessels for +Tr4 CF treatment of roots were blocked by tylosis; (b) The vessels of +Tr4 AFBCF root were hardly found to be blocked by tylosis; (c) +Tr4 CF vessels were blocked by tyloses; (d) +Tr4 AFBCF vessels were unobstructed. CF stands for conventional fertilizer. AFBCF stands for alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi.
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