Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

M E Christy¹, T Gautam¹, L Ou², B Schmookler², Y Wang³, D Adikaram⁴, Z Ahmed⁵, H Albataineh⁶, S F Ali⁷, B Aljawrneh^{8

9}, K Allada², S L Allison¹⁰, S Alsalmi¹¹, D Androic¹², K Aniol¹³, J Annand¹⁴, J Arrington^{15

16}, H Atac¹⁷, T Averett³, C Ayerbe Gayoso³, X Bai¹⁸, J Bane¹⁹, S Barcus³, K Bartlett³, V Bellini²⁰, R Beminiwattha²¹, J Bericic⁴, H Bhatt²², D Bhetuwal²², D Biswas¹, E Brash²³, D Bulumulla¹⁰, C M Camacho²⁴, J Campbell²⁵, A Camsonne⁴, M Carmignotto²⁶, J Castellanos²⁷, C Chen¹, J-P Chen⁴, T Chetry²⁸, E Cisbani²⁹, B Clary³⁰, E Cohen³¹, N Compton²⁸, J C Cornejo^{3

32}, S Covrig Dusa⁴, B Crowe³³, S Danagoulian⁸, T Danley²⁸, W Deconinck³, M Defurne³⁴, C Desnault²⁴, D Di¹⁸, M Dlamini²⁸, M Duer³¹, B Duran¹⁷, R Ent⁴, C Fanelli², E Fuchey³⁰, C Gal¹⁸, D Gaskell⁴, F Georges³⁵, S Gilad², O Glamazdin³⁶, K Gnanvo¹⁸, A V Gramolin³⁷, V M Gray³, C Gu¹⁸, A Habarakada¹, T Hague¹¹, G Hamad²⁸, D Hamilton¹⁴, K Hamilton¹⁴, O Hansen⁴, F Hauenstein¹⁰, A V Hernandez²⁶, W Henry¹⁷, D W Higinbotham⁴, T Holmstrom³⁸, T Horn²⁶, Y Huang¹⁸, G M Huber⁵, C Hyde¹⁰, H Ibrahim³⁹, N Israel²⁸, C-M Jen⁴⁰, K Jin¹⁸, M Jones⁴, A Kabir¹¹, B Karki²⁸, C Keppel⁴, V Khachatryan^{41

42}, P M King²⁸, S Li⁴³, W Li⁵, H Liu⁴⁴, J Liu¹⁸, A H Liyanage¹, D Mack⁴, J Magee³, S Malace⁴, J Mammei⁴⁵, P Markowitz²⁷, S Mayilyan⁴⁶, E McClellan⁴, F Meddi²⁹, D Meekins⁴, K Mesick⁴⁷, R Michaels⁴, A Mkrtchyan²⁶, B Moffit⁴, R Montgomery¹⁴, L S Myers⁴, P Nadel-Turonski⁴, S J Nazeer¹, V Nelyubin¹⁸, D Nguyen¹⁸, N Nuruzzaman¹, M Nycz¹¹, R F Obrecht³⁰, K Ohanyan⁴⁶, C Palatchi¹⁸, B Pandey¹, K Park¹⁰, S Park⁴¹, C Peng⁴⁸, F D Persio²⁹, R Pomatsalyuk³⁶, E Pooser⁴, A J R Puckett³⁰, V Punjabi⁴⁹, B Quinn³², S Rahman⁴⁵, M N H Rashad¹⁰, P E Reimer¹⁶, S Riordan⁴¹, J Roche²⁸, I Sapkota²⁶, A Sarty⁵⁰, B Sawatzky⁴, N H Saylor⁵¹, M H Shabestari²², A Shahinyan⁴⁶, S Širca⁵², G R Smith⁴, S Sooriyaarachchilage¹, N Sparveris¹⁷, R Spies⁴⁵, A Stefanko³², T Su¹¹, A Subedi²², V Sulkosky², A Sun³², Y Tan⁵³, L Thorne³², N Ton¹⁸, F Tortorici²⁰, R Trotta⁵⁴, R Uniyal²⁶, G M Urciuoli²⁹, E Voutier²⁴, B Waidyawansa⁴, B Wojtsekhowski⁴, S Wood⁴, X Yan⁵⁵, L Ye²², Z H Ye^{18

56}, C Yero²⁷, J Zhang¹⁸, Y X Zhao⁴¹, P Zhu⁵⁷

Affiliations

¹ Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23669, USA.
² Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
³ William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA.
⁴ Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA.
⁵ University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 Canada.
⁶ Texas A & M University, Kingsville, Texas 77843, USA.
⁷ Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia 20064, USA.
⁸ North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA.
⁹ Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan.
¹⁰ Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
¹¹ Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA.
¹² University of Zagreb, Trg Republike Hrvatske 14, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹³ California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA.
¹⁴ SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
¹⁵ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
¹⁶ Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
¹⁷ Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
¹⁸ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 232904, USA.
¹⁹ University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
²⁰ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Department of Physics and Astronomy, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
²¹ Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, 13244, USA.
²² Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
²³ Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA.
²⁴ Institut de Physique Nucleaire, 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau, 91400 Orsay, France.
²⁵ Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
²⁶ Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
²⁷ Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
²⁸ Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
²⁹ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro, 2 - 00185 Roma, Italy.
³⁰ University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
³¹ Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 69978, Israel.
³² Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
³³ North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA.
³⁴ CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
³⁵ Ecole Centrale Paris, 3 Rue Joliot Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
³⁶ Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov 61108, Ukraine.
³⁷ Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
³⁸ Randolph Macon College, Ashland, Virginia 23005, USA.
³⁹ Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt.
⁴⁰ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 234061, USA.
⁴¹ Stony Brook, State University of New York, New York 11794, USA.
⁴² Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
⁴³ University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
⁴⁴ Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
⁴⁵ University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
⁴⁶ AANL, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 0036 Yerevan, Armenia.
⁴⁷ Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA.
⁴⁸ Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
⁴⁹ Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia 23504, USA.
⁵⁰ Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.
⁵¹ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
⁵² Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁵³ Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan 250100, China.
⁵⁴ Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA.
⁵⁵ Huangshan University, 44 Daizhen Road, Tunxi District, Huangshan, Anhui Province, China.
⁵⁶ Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
⁵⁷ University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.

PMID: 35333083
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002

Free article

Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

M E Christy et al. Phys Rev Lett. 2022.

Free article

. 2022 Mar 11;128(10):102002.

doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23669, USA.
² Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
³ William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA.
⁴ Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA.
⁵ University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 Canada.
⁶ Texas A & M University, Kingsville, Texas 77843, USA.
⁷ Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia 20064, USA.
⁸ North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA.
⁹ Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan.
¹⁰ Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
¹¹ Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA.
¹² University of Zagreb, Trg Republike Hrvatske 14, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹³ California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA.
¹⁴ SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
¹⁵ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
¹⁶ Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
¹⁷ Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
¹⁸ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 232904, USA.
¹⁹ University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
²⁰ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Department of Physics and Astronomy, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
²¹ Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, 13244, USA.
²² Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
²³ Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA.
²⁴ Institut de Physique Nucleaire, 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau, 91400 Orsay, France.
²⁵ Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
²⁶ Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
²⁷ Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
²⁸ Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
²⁹ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro, 2 - 00185 Roma, Italy.
³⁰ University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
³¹ Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 69978, Israel.
³² Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
³³ North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA.
³⁴ CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
³⁵ Ecole Centrale Paris, 3 Rue Joliot Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
³⁶ Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov 61108, Ukraine.
³⁷ Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
³⁸ Randolph Macon College, Ashland, Virginia 23005, USA.
³⁹ Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt.
⁴⁰ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 234061, USA.
⁴¹ Stony Brook, State University of New York, New York 11794, USA.
⁴² Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
⁴³ University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
⁴⁴ Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
⁴⁵ University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
⁴⁶ AANL, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 0036 Yerevan, Armenia.
⁴⁷ Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA.
⁴⁸ Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
⁴⁹ Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia 23504, USA.
⁵⁰ Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.
⁵¹ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
⁵² Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁵³ Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan 250100, China.
⁵⁴ Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA.
⁵⁵ Huangshan University, 44 Daizhen Road, Tunxi District, Huangshan, Anhui Province, China.
⁵⁶ Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
⁵⁷ University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.

PMID: 35333083
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002

Abstract

We present new precision measurements of the elastic electron-proton scattering cross section for momentum transfer (Q^{2}) up to 15.75 (GeV/c)^{2}. Combined with existing data, these provide an improved extraction of the proton magnetic form factor at high Q^{2} and double the range over which a longitudinal or transverse separation of the cross section can be performed. The difference between our results and polarization data agrees with that observed at lower Q^{2} and attributed to hard two-photon exchange (TPE) effects, extending to 8 (GeV/c)^{2} the range of Q^{2} for which a discrepancy is established at >95% confidence. We use the discrepancy to quantify the size of TPE contributions needed to explain the cross section at high Q^{2}.

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Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

Affiliations

Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

LinkOut - more resources

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