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Review
. 2022 Jun;24(6):927-943.
doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2493. Epub 2022 Apr 21.

Cardiac remodelling - Part 1: From cells and tissues to circulating biomarkers. A review from the Study Group on Biomarkers of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology

Arantxa González  1   2 , A Mark Richards  3   4 , Rudolf A de Boer  5 , Thomas Thum  6   7 , Henrike Arfsten  8   9 , Martin Hülsmann  8 , Inês Falcao-Pires  10 , Javier Díez  1   2   11 , Roger S Y Foo  3 , Mark Y Chan  3 , Alberto Aimo  12   13 , Chukwuemeka G Anene-Nzelu  3   14 , Magdy Abdelhamid  15 , Stamatis Adamopoulos  16 , Stefan D Anker  17   18 , Yuri Belenkov  19 , Tuvia Ben Gal  20 , Alain Cohen-Solal  21 , Michael Böhm  22 , Ovidiu Chioncel  23 , Victoria Delgado  24 , Michele Emdin  12   13 , Ewa A Jankowska  18 , Finn Gustafsson  25 , Loreena Hill  26 , Tiny Jaarsma  27 , James L Januzzi  28 , Pardeep S Jhund  29 , Yuri Lopatin  30 , Lars H Lund  31 , Marco Metra  32 , Davor Milicic  33 , Brenda Moura  34   35 , Christian Mueller  36 , Wilfried Mullens  37 , Julio Núñez  2   38 , Massimo F Piepoli  39 , Amina Rakisheva  40 , Arsen D Ristić  41   42 , Patrick Rossignol  43 , Gianluigi Savarese  31 , Carlo G Tocchetti  44 , Sophie Van Linthout  9   45 , Maurizio Volterrani  46 , Petar Seferovic  42   47 , Giuseppe Rosano  48 , Andrew J S Coats  49 , Antoni Bayés-Genís  2   24   50
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Free article
Review

Cardiac remodelling - Part 1: From cells and tissues to circulating biomarkers. A review from the Study Group on Biomarkers of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology

Arantxa González et al. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022 Jun.
Free article

Erratum in

Abstract

Cardiac remodelling refers to changes in left ventricular structure and function over time, with a progressive deterioration that may lead to heart failure (HF) development (adverse remodelling) or vice versa a recovery (reverse remodelling) in response to HF treatment. Adverse remodelling predicts a worse outcome, whilst reverse remodelling predicts a better prognosis. The geometry, systolic and diastolic function and electric activity of the left ventricle are affected, as well as the left atrium and on the long term even right heart chambers. At a cellular and molecular level, remodelling involves all components of cardiac tissue: cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and leucocytes. The molecular, cellular and histological signatures of remodelling may differ according to the cause and severity of cardiac damage, and clearly to the global trend toward worsening or recovery. These processes cannot be routinely evaluated through endomyocardial biopsies, but may be reflected by circulating levels of several biomarkers. Different classes of biomarkers (e.g. proteins, non-coding RNAs, metabolites and/or epigenetic modifications) and several biomarkers of each class might inform on some aspects on HF development, progression and long-term outcomes, but most have failed to enter clinical practice. This may be due to the biological complexity of remodelling, so that no single biomarker could provide great insight on remodelling when assessed alone. Another possible reason is a still incomplete understanding of the role of biomarkers in the pathophysiology of cardiac remodelling. Such role will be investigated in the first part of this review paper on biomarkers of cardiac remodelling.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Cells; Remodeling; Tissue.

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