Eating Patterns during Pregnancy and Postpartum and Their Association with Diet Quality and Energy Intake

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between meal-specific eating patterns during pregnancy and postpartum with maternal diet quality and energy intake. Participants in a prospective cohort study completed 24-h dietary recalls three times throughout both pregnancy and 1 year postpartum (n = 420). Linear regressions estimated the associations of eating frequency (number of daily main meals and eating occasions), meal and energy regularity (meal skipping and variation of daily energy intake), and intake timing patterns (distribution of energy intake throughout the day, derived using principal component analysis) with daily energy intake and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015, calculated daily and overall, across both pregnancy and postpartum). Eating frequency was positively associated with energy intake and daily diet quality. Irregular meals were associated with lower energy intake in pregnancy but not postpartum and with lower pregnancy and postpartum diet quality. Energy irregularity was not associated with energy intake or diet quality. Higher postpartum diet quality was associated with a morning energy intake pattern (versus late morning/early afternoon or evening). Differences in these associations between pregnancy and postpartum suggest that efforts to support optimal energy intake and diet quality by modifying eating patterns may require specific strategies for pregnancy and postpartum.

Keywords: diet quality; eating frequency; eating regularity; energy intake; intake timing; postpartum; pregnancy.

Figure 1

Intake timing in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS) and time windows for PCA pattern identification. Blue dots with error bars show the mean percent daily energy intake at each hour with corresponding standard errors. Vertical dashed lines indicate the time windows used for PCA pattern identification based on the observed intake pattern by time of day.

Figure 2

Flow diagram of PEAS participants for analysis in the present study. n, number of participants; n_DR, number of dietary records; n_EO, number of eating occasions; preg, participants in pregnancy; post, participants in postpartum.

Figure 3

Identified PCA patterns for intake timing.