Addressing the Data Gaps on Child and Adolescent Tuberculosis

Abstract

The burden of tuberculosis (TB) among children and young adolescents (<15 years old) is estimated at 1.1 million; however, only 400,000 are treated for TB, indicating a large gap between the number who are cared for and the number estimated to have TB. Accurate data on the burden of pediatric TB is essential to guide action. Despite several improvements in estimating the burden of pediatric TB in the last decade, as well as enhanced data collection efforts, several data gaps remain, both at the global level, but also at the national level where surveillance systems and collaborative research are critical. In this article, we describe recent advances in data collection and burden estimates for TB among children and adolescents, and the remaining gaps. While data collection continues to improve, burden estimates must evolve in parallel, both in terms of their frequency and the methods used. Currently, at the global level, there is a focus on age-disaggregation of TB notifications, the collection of data on TB-HIV, multi-drug resistant (MDR)-TB and treatment outcomes, as well as estimates of the disease burden. Additional data from national surveillance systems or research projects on TB meningitis, as well as other forms of extra-pulmonary TB, would be useful. We must capitalize on the current momentum in child and adolescent TB to close the remaining data gaps for these age groups to better understand the epidemic and further reduce morbidity and mortality due to TB.

Keywords: tuberculosis.

Figure 1

Global milestones related to TB in children and adolescents, 2011–2021 (Reproduced/translated/adapted from “Global TB Report 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO [1]).

Figure 2

Notifications in five-year age groups for children and adolescents aged 0–19 years in nine TB high burden countries, 2019–2020, with the proportion by which the notifications dropped in 2020 compared to 2019.