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. 2022 Mar 6;10(3):570.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10030570.

Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Detected along the Broiler Production Chain in Trinidad and Tobago

Anisa Sarah Khan  1 , Rian Ewald Pierneef  2 , Narjol Gonzalez-Escalona  3 , Meghan Maguire  3 , Cong Li  4 , Gregory H Tyson  4 , Sherry Ayers  4 , Karla Georges  1 , Woubit Abebe  5 , Abiodun Adewale Adesiyun  1   6
Affiliations

Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Detected along the Broiler Production Chain in Trinidad and Tobago

Anisa Sarah Khan et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

This cross-sectional study determined the serovars, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence factors of Salmonella isolated from hatcheries, broiler farms, processing plants, and retail outlets in Trinidad and Tobago. Salmonella in silico serotyping detected 23 different serovars where Kentucky 20.5% (30/146), Javiana 19.2% (28/146), Infantis 13.7% (20/146), and Albany 8.9% (13/146) were the predominant serovars. There was a 76.0% (111/146) agreement between serotyping results using traditional conventional methods and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in in silico analysis. In silico identification of antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, peptides, sulfonamides, and antiseptics were detected. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 6.8% (10/146) of the isolates of which 100% originated from broiler farms. Overall, virulence factors associated with secretion systems and fimbrial adherence determinants accounted for 69.3% (3091/4463), and 29.2% (1302/4463) counts, respectively. Ten of 20 isolates of serovar Infantis (50.0%) showed MDR and contained the blaCTX-M-65 gene. This is the first molecular characterization of Salmonella isolates detected along the entire broiler production continuum in the Caribbean region using WGS. The availability of these genomes will help future source tracking during epidemiological investigations associated with Salmonella foodborne outbreaks in the region and worldwide.

Keywords: Salmonella; Trinidad and Tobago; antimicrobial resistance genes; blaCTX-M-65; broiler production chain; molecular characterization; virulence genes; whole-genome sequencing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the U.S. Government.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
VFDB accessions (virulence) versus ARO accessions (AMR) (A–E).
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