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Review
. 2022 Mar 11;22(6):2182.
doi: 10.3390/s22062182.

Air-Oxygen Blenders for Mechanical Ventilators: A Literature Review

Gabryel F Soares  1 , Otacílio M Almeida  1 , José W M Menezes  2 , Sergei S A Kozlov  3 , Joel J P C Rodrigues  3   4   5
Affiliations
Review

Air-Oxygen Blenders for Mechanical Ventilators: A Literature Review

Gabryel F Soares et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Respiratory diseases are one of the most common causes of death in the world and this recent COVID-19 pandemic is a key example. Problems such as infections, in general, affect many people and depending on the form of transmission they can spread throughout the world and weaken thousands of people. Two examples are severe acute respiratory syndrome and the recent coronavirus disease. These diseases have mild and severe forms, in which patients gravely affected need ventilatory support. The equipment that serves as a basis for operation of the mechanical ventilator is the air-oxygen blender, responsible for carrying out the air-oxygen mixture in the proper proportions ensuring constant supply. New blender models are described in the literature together with applications of control techniques, such as Proportional, Integrative and Derivative (PID); Fuzzy; and Adaptive. The results obtained from the literature show a significant improvement in patient care when using automatic controls instead of manual adjustment, increasing the safety and accuracy of the treatment. This study presents a deep review of the state of the art in air-oxygen benders, identifies the most relevant characteristics, performs a comparison study considering the most relevant available solutions, and identifies open research directions in the topic.

Keywords: COVID-19; Internet of Things (IoT); blender; control; fraction of inspired oxygen; oxygen saturation; respiratory diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Simplified transmission scheme with likely hosts.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Simplified block diagram of a mechanical ventilator [36,37].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Simplified block diagram of the operation of an air–oxygen blender.
Figure 4
Figure 4
A block diagram of the system proposed by [54].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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