Salt Stress in Plants and Mitigation Approaches

Gabrijel Ondrasek¹, Santosha Rathod², Kallakeri Kannappa Manohara³, Channappa Gireesh², Madhyavenkatapura Siddaiah Anantha², Akshay Sureshrao Sakhare², Brajendra Parmar², Brahamdeo Kumar Yadav⁴, Nirmala Bandumula², Farzana Raihan⁵, Anna Zielińska-Chmielewska⁶, Cristian Meriño-Gergichevich⁷, Marjorie Reyes-Díaz⁸, Amanullah Khan⁹, Olga Panfilova¹⁰, Alex Seguel Fuentealba¹¹, Sebastián Meier Romero¹², Beithou Nabil¹³, Chunpeng Craig Wan¹⁴, Jonti Shepherd¹, Jelena Horvatinec¹

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
² ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India.
³ ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Ela, Old Goa 403402, India.
⁴ ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, KVK, Balumath, Latehar 829202, India.
⁵ Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
⁶ Department of Business Activity and Economic Policy, Institute of Economics, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland.
⁷ Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
⁸ Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
⁹ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan.
¹⁰ Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK), 302530 Zhilina, Orel District, Orel Region, Russia.
¹¹ Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
¹² Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Carillanca, Temuco 8320000, Chile.
¹³ Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
¹⁴ Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.

PMID: 35336599
PMCID: PMC8950276
DOI: 10.3390/plants11060717

Review

Salt Stress in Plants and Mitigation Approaches

Gabrijel Ondrasek et al. Plants (Basel). 2022.

. 2022 Mar 8;11(6):717.

doi: 10.3390/plants11060717.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
² ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India.
³ ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Ela, Old Goa 403402, India.
⁴ ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, KVK, Balumath, Latehar 829202, India.
⁵ Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
⁶ Department of Business Activity and Economic Policy, Institute of Economics, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland.
⁷ Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
⁸ Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
⁹ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan.
¹⁰ Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK), 302530 Zhilina, Orel District, Orel Region, Russia.
¹¹ Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
¹² Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Carillanca, Temuco 8320000, Chile.
¹³ Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
¹⁴ Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.

PMID: 35336599
PMCID: PMC8950276
DOI: 10.3390/plants11060717

Abstract

Salinization of soils and freshwater resources by natural processes and/or human activities has become an increasing issue that affects environmental services and socioeconomic relations. In addition, salinization jeopardizes agroecosystems, inducing salt stress in most cultivated plants (nutrient deficiency, pH and oxidative stress, biomass reduction), and directly affects the quality and quantity of food production. Depending on the type of salt/stress (alkaline or pH-neutral), specific approaches and solutions should be applied to ameliorate the situation on-site. Various agro-hydrotechnical (soil and water conservation, reduced tillage, mulching, rainwater harvesting, irrigation and drainage, control of seawater intrusion), biological (agroforestry, multi-cropping, cultivation of salt-resistant species, bacterial inoculation, promotion of mycorrhiza, grafting with salt-resistant rootstocks), chemical (application of organic and mineral amendments, phytohormones), bio-ecological (breeding, desalination, application of nano-based products, seed biopriming), and/or institutional solutions (salinity monitoring, integrated national and regional strategies) are very effective against salinity/salt stress and numerous other constraints. Advances in computer science (artificial intelligence, machine learning) provide rapid predictions of salinization processes from the field to the global scale, under numerous scenarios, including climate change. Thus, these results represent a comprehensive outcome and tool for a multidisciplinary approach to protect and control salinization, minimizing damages caused by salt stress.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; neutral and alkaline salinity; plant–microbe associations; salinity and nanotechnology; salt stress; soil amendments.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Vegetative and growth performances of lettuce (A) and strawberry (B) exposed to neutral salt stress (0–60 mM NaCl), and corn (C) exposed alkaline salt stress (0–10% wood-derived ash) with induced soil electrical conductivity (EC) and pH changes, after [12,26,27].

**Figure 2**
Solutions for salinization management and mitigating salt stress in plants.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Salt Stress in Plants and Mitigation Approaches

Affiliations

Salt Stress in Plants and Mitigation Approaches

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources