IL-1 receptor antagonist plus pentoxifylline and zinc for severe alcohol-associated hepatitis

Abstract

Background and aims: Patients with severe alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) have high mortality. Corticosteroids improve survival only for 30 days. We targeted inflammation, cellular injury, and gut leakiness in a randomized clinical trial comparing combination therapy to corticosteroids on 180-day survival.

Approach and results: Subjects with a clinical diagnosis of severe AH (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease [MELD] >20, Maddrey discriminant function [MDF] >32) were randomized to receive methylprednisolone (PRED; 28 days) or a combination of anakinra (14 days) plus pentoxifylline (28 days) plus zinc (COMB; 180 days). The primary endpoint was survival at 180 days. The study was designed in 2013, initiated in October 2014, and completed in March 2018. Five hundred patients were screened to randomize 104 subjects with a clinical diagnosis of AH with a MELD score >20. Fifty-three patients were randomized into the COMB and 50 to the PRED treatment; 1 dropped out of the study before randomization. Mean age was 45.3 ± 10.4 years; 60.6% were males, 92.3% White, and mean MELD 25.7 ± 3.9. Kaplan-Meier survival estimate at 180 days was 67.9% in COMB and 56% in PRED (HR = 0.69; p = 0.3001). Survival curves separated by 90 days (COMB, 69.8%; PRED, 58.0%; HR = 0.69; p = 0.28). Survival at 28 days was similar between the COMB (83.4%) and PRED groups (81.2%; HR = 0.91; p = 0.85). There were no unexpected serious adverse events, and incidence of infection was comparable between groups. MELD 20-25 and MELD >26 strata showed nonsignificant treatment effects in favor of COMB.

Conclusions: A combination of anakinra, pentoxifylline plus zinc provides similar survival benefits compared to corticosteroid therapy in severe AH.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01809132.

FIGURE 1

CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) diagram. *n = 314 of 347 excluded (90.5%) enrolled in the moderate or observational studies. ^†One participant was randomized but withdrew from the study before receiving a treatment assignment or study drugs. Therefore, we report on 103 participants.

FIGURE 2

Kaplan-Meier survival plots by treatment assignment of all patients enrolled (panel A), by treatment assignment and disease severity in MELD 20–25 group (B), by treatment assignment and disease severity in MELD greater or equal 26 group (C), and by treatment assignment and disease severity measured by day 7 Lille score (D).