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. 2022 Mar 28;22(1):146.
doi: 10.1186/s12876-022-02227-8.

Development and validation of standard and real patient gallstone library using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy

Lena Jafri  1 , Muhammad Abbas Abid  2 , Humera Asif  2 , Bilal Hashmi  2 , Hafsa Majid  2 , Farooq Ghani  2 , Sibtain Ahmed  2 , Imran Siddiqui  2 , Aysha Habib Khan  2
Affiliations

Development and validation of standard and real patient gallstone library using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy

Lena Jafri et al. BMC Gastroenterol. .

Abstract

Background: Analysis of the constituents of gallstones using various spectroscopic techniques assists in identification of the pathogenesis of gallstones. In the current study, using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy, a Gallstone Standard Library (GSL) and a Gallstone Real Patients' Library (GRPL) were developed and validated for gallstone composition analysis.

Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Pakistan. Pure standards (cholesterol, calcium carbonate, bilirubin and bile salts) and gallstone specimens were analyzed using FTIR Nicolet iS-5 Spectrometer from Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA. Thermo Scientific™ QCheck™ algorithm, embedded within the OMNIC™ software, was used to identify the unique spectral fingerprint of the patient samples to match with known, standard material. Matching of > 75% was considered acceptable. Validation for accuracy of the library was performed for twenty analyzed gallstones at an international reference lab.

Results: Concerted search analysis was performed against the developed GSL consisting of 71 "pure component" spectrum divided into 5 types to generate the library. For the Gallstone Real Patient Library (GRPL), 117 patient samples were analyzed. Ninety-eight gall stones (83.8%) out of 117 stones matched with the developed GSL. Majority stones were mixed stones (95.92%), with cholesterol being the primary component (91.83%). Results of the developed library were 100% in agreement with the reports received from the external reference lab.

Conclusions: The library developed displayed good consistency and can be used for detection of gallstone composition in Pakistan and replace the traditional labor- and time-intensive chemical method of gallstone analysis.

Keywords: FTIR; Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy; Library; Spectroscopy; galLstone.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
IR spectra of pure standards cholesterol, calcium, bilirubin, bile salt (a–d) displaying typical IR peaks by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) Spectroscopy
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
IR spectra of pure standards cholesterol, calcium, bilirubin, bile salt (a–d) displaying typical IR peaks by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) Spectroscopy
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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