Oral and intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Current progress, prospects, advantages, and challenges

doi:10.1002/iid3.604

Review

. 2022 Apr;10(4):e604.

doi: 10.1002/iid3.604.

Oral and intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Current progress, prospects, advantages, and challenges

Sanchita Kar^{1

2}, Popy Devnath³, Talha B Emran⁴, Trina E Tallei^{5

6}, Saikat Mitra⁷, Kuldeep Dhama⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Developing Science and Health Initiatives, ECB Chattar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
² Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
³ Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh.
⁴ Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
⁵ Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁶ Division of Sustainable Use of Wallacea Area, The University Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Institute for Research and Community Services, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁸ Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

PMID: 35349752
PMCID: PMC8959423
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.604

Review

Oral and intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Current progress, prospects, advantages, and challenges

Sanchita Kar et al. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2022 Apr.

. 2022 Apr;10(4):e604.

doi: 10.1002/iid3.604.

Authors

Sanchita Kar^{1

2}, Popy Devnath³, Talha B Emran⁴, Trina E Tallei^{5

6}, Saikat Mitra⁷, Kuldeep Dhama⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Developing Science and Health Initiatives, ECB Chattar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
² Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
³ Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh.
⁴ Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
⁵ Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁶ Division of Sustainable Use of Wallacea Area, The University Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Institute for Research and Community Services, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁸ Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

PMID: 35349752
PMCID: PMC8959423
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.604

Abstract

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a deadly pandemic in the 21st century, resulting in many deaths, economic loss, and international immobility. Vaccination represents the only mechanism to defeat this virus. Several intramuscular vaccines have been approved and are currently used worldwide.

Main body: However, global mass vaccination has not been achieved owing to several limitations, including the need for expertise to administer the injection-based vaccine, improper distribution of the vaccine, and lack of cold chain facilities, particularly in resource-poor, low-income countries. Mucosal vaccines are typically administered either orally or nasally, and several studies have shown promising results for developing these vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 that might serve as viable alternatives to current vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 invades the human body via oral and nasal mucosal surfaces; thus, an oral or nasal vaccine can trigger the immune system to inhibit the virus at the mucosal level, preventing further transmission via a strong mucosal and systematic immune response. Although several approaches toward developing a mucosal vaccine are currently being tested, additional attention is required.

Conclusion: In this article, the current approaches used to develop effective oral and nasal mucosal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and their benefits, prospects, and challenges have been summarized.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; intranasal vaccines; mass vaccination; mucosal vaccines; oral vaccines.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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References

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[1] Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1092‐1093. 10.1001/jama.2020.1623 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1092‐1093. 10.1001/jama.2020.1623 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Mayer L, Shao L. Therapeutic potential of oral tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4(6):407‐419. 10.1038/nri1370 - DOI - PubMed

[4] Mayer L, Shao L. Therapeutic potential of oral tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4(6):407‐419. 10.1038/nri1370 - DOI - PubMed

[5] Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, et al. Characteristics of COVID‐19 infection in Beijing. J Infect. 2020;80(4):401‐406. 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, et al. Characteristics of COVID‐19 infection in Beijing. J Infect. 2020;80(4):401‐406. 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, et al. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in Singapore. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1488‐1494. 10.1001/jama.2020.3204 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, et al. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in Singapore. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1488‐1494. 10.1001/jama.2020.3204 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Worldometer. COVID‐19 status. 2020.

[10] Worldometer. COVID‐19 status. 2020.

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Oral and intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Current progress, prospects, advantages, and challenges

Affiliations

Oral and intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Current progress, prospects, advantages, and challenges

Authors

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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