Long-term Outcomes Following Esophagectomy in Older and Younger Adults with Esophageal Cancer

Abstract

Background: Patterns of overall and disease-free survival after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer in older adults have not been carefully studied.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients with esophageal cancer undergoing esophagectomy from 2005 to 2020 at our institution was performed. Differences in outcomes were stratified by age groups, < 75 and ≥ 75 years old, and two time periods, 2005-2012 and 2013-2020.

Results: A total of 1135 patients were included: 979 (86.3%) patients were < 75 (86.3%), and 156 (13.7%) were ≥ 75 years old. Younger patients had fewer comorbidities, better nutritional status, and were more likely to receive neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy (all p < 0.05). However, tumor stage and operative approach were similar, except for increased performance of the McKeown technique in younger patients (p = 0.02). Perioperatively, younger patients experienced fewer overall and grade II complications (both p < 0.05). They had better overall survival (log-rank p-value < 0.001) and median survival, 62.2 vs. 21.5 months (p < 0.05). When stratified by pathologic stage, survival was similar for yp0 and pathologic stage II disease (both log-rank p-value > 0.05). Multivariable Cox models showed older age (≥ 75 years old) had increased hazard for reduced overall survival (HR 2.04 95% CI 1.5-2.8; p < 0.001) but not disease-free survival (HR 1.1 95% CI 0.78-1.6; p = 0.54). Over time, baseline characteristics remained largely similar, while stage became more advanced with a rise in neoadjuvant use and increased performance of minimally invasive esophagectomy (all p < 0.05). While overall complication rates improved (p < 0.05), overall and recurrence-free survival did not. Overall survival was better in younger patients during both time periods (both log-rank p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Despite similar disease-free survival rates, long-term survival was decreased in older adults as compared to younger patients. This may be related to unmeasured factors including frailty, long-term complications after surgery, and competing causes of death. However, our results suggest that survival is similar in those with complete pathologic responses.

Keywords: Esophagectomy; Older adults; Outcomes; Recurrence; Survival.

Fig. 1

Kaplan–Meier overall survival after esophagectomy by age

Fig. 2

Kaplan–Meier disease-free survival by age. a Overall disease-free survival; b local–regional disease-free survival; c distant disease-free survival

Fig. 3

Kaplan–Meier Overall survival between time periods. a Overall survival between time periods; b overall survival between age groups and time periods

Fig. 4

Kaplan–Meier disease-free survival between time periods. a Overall disease-free survival by time; b overall disease-free survival by age and time; c locoregional disease-free survival by time; d distant disease-free survival by time