Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2022 May;48(5):580-589.
doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06677-2. Epub 2022 Mar 31.

Long-term outcomes of dexamethasone 12 mg versus 6 mg in patients with COVID-19 and severe hypoxaemia

Anders Granholm  1   2 , Maj-Brit Nørregaard Kjær  1   2 , Marie Warrer Munch  1   2 , Sheila Nainan Myatra  3 , Bharath Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan  4   5   6 , Maria Cronhjort  7 , Rebecka Rubenson Wahlin  7 , Stephan M Jakob  8 , Luca Cioccari  8 , Gitte Kingo Vesterlund  1   2 , Tine Sylvest Meyhoff  1   2 , Marie Helleberg  9 , Morten Hylander Møller  1   2 , Thomas Benfield  10 , Balasubramanian Venkatesh  11 , Naomi E Hammond  11   12 , Sharon Micallef  11 , Abhinav Bassi  5 , Oommen John  5   13 , Vivekanand Jha  5   13   14 , Klaus Tjelle Kristiansen  15 , Charlotte Suppli Ulrik  16 , Vibeke Lind Jørgensen  17 , Margit Smitt  18 , Morten H Bestle  19   20 , Anne Sofie Andreasen  21 , Lone Musaeus Poulsen  22 , Bodil Steen Rasmussen  2   23 , Anne Craveiro Brøchner  2   24 , Thomas Strøm  25   26 , Anders Møller  27 , Mohd Saif Khan  28 , Ajay Padmanaban  4 , Jigeeshu Vasishtha Divatia  3 , Sanjith Saseedharan  29 , Kapil Borawake  30 , Farhad Kapadia  31 , Subhal Dixit  32 , Rajesh Chawla  33 , Urvi Shukla  34 , Pravin Amin  35 , Michelle S Chew  36 , Christian Aage Wamberg  37 , Neeta Bose  38 , Mehul S Shah  39 , Iben S Darfelt  40 , Christian Gluud  41   42 , Theis Lange  43 , Anders Perner  44   45   46
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Long-term outcomes of dexamethasone 12 mg versus 6 mg in patients with COVID-19 and severe hypoxaemia

Anders Granholm et al. Intensive Care Med. 2022 May.

Abstract

Purpose: We assessed long-term outcomes of dexamethasone 12 mg versus 6 mg given daily for up to 10 days in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe hypoxaemia.

Methods: We assessed 180-day mortality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using EuroQoL (EQ)-5D-5L index values and EQ visual analogue scale (VAS) in the international, stratified, blinded COVID STEROID 2 trial, which randomised 1000 adults with confirmed COVID-19 receiving at least 10 L/min of oxygen or mechanical ventilation in 26 hospitals in Europe and India. In the HRQoL analyses, higher values indicated better outcomes, and deceased patients were given a score of zero.

Results: We obtained vital status at 180 days for 963 of 982 patients (98.1%) in the intention-to-treat population, EQ-5D-5L index value data for 922 (93.9%) and EQ VAS data for 924 (94.1%). At 180 days, 164 of 486 patients (33.7%) had died in the 12 mg group versus 184 of 477 (38.6%) in the 6 mg group [adjusted risk difference - 4.3%; 99% confidence interval (CI) - 11.7-3.0; relative risk 0.89; 0.72-1.09; P = 0.13]. The adjusted mean differences between the 12 mg and the 6 mg groups in EQ-5D-5L index values were 0.06 (99% CI - 0.01 to 0.12; P = 0.10) and in EQ VAS scores 4 (- 3 to 10; P = 0.22).

Conclusion: Among patients with COVID-19 and severe hypoxaemia, dexamethasone 12 mg compared with 6 mg did not result in statistically significant improvements in mortality or HRQoL at 180 days, but the results were most compatible with benefit from the higher dose.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04509973.

Keywords: COVID-19; Corticosteroids; Critical illness; Hypoxaemia; Mortality; Quality of life.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

AG, MBNK, MWM, GKV, TSM, MHM and AP are affiliated with the Dept. of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet, which has received grants for research from Pfizer, Fresenius Kabi, AM Pharma, and Sygeforsikringen ‘danmark’ outside the submitted work. MH has participated in advisory boards for AstraZeneca, GSK, Gilead, MSD, Roche and Sobi and received speaker’s honoraria from GSK and Gilead. TB reports grants from Novo Nordisk Foundation, grants from Simonsen Foundation, grants and personal fees from GSK, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Janssen, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from Gilead, personal fees from MSD, grants from Lundbeck Foundation, grants from Kai Hansen Foundation, personal fees from Pentabase ApS, grants from Erik and Susanna Olesen’s Charitable Fund, outside the submitted work. SMJ and LC are affiliated with Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, which has received grants from Edwards Lifesciences Services GmbH, Phagenesis Limited, and Nestlé outside the submitted work. JVD has received personal fees (paid to his institution) from Edwards India outside the submitted work. VJ has received grant funding from GSK, Baxter Healthcare, and Biocon and honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca, Baxter Healthcare, Bayer, NephroPlus and Zydus Cadilla, under the policy of all monies being paid to the organization.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Patient flow in the COVID STEROID 2 trial. The details up to 90 days were presented in the primary report [4]. Eighteen patients withdrew consent for the use of any data (12 patients before the first dosing of trial medication and 6 after); the intention-to-treat (ITT) population therefore consisted of 982 patients in total. There were patient withdraws at three levels because of repeated follow-up of patients. *The primary HRQoL analyses were done in the ITT population (n = 982) with deceased patients assigned zero and missing data (n = 60 for EQ-5D-5L index values and n = 58 for EQ VAS scores) multiply imputed
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Time to death or censoring and distribution of HRQoL data at 180 days in the two intervention groups. A Mortality curves in the two intervention groups up to 180 days. Patients who withdrew consent for further data registration or were lost to follow-up were censored at the time of the withdrawal or loss to follow-up. The time to death was compared post hoc using Cox regression with results presented as an unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 99% confidence interval (CI) and P value. B Distribution of the HRQoL data as horizontally stacked proportions in the two intervention groups. Patients who died within 180 days after randomisation were assigned the value 0, corresponding to a health state equal to being dead for EQ-5D-5L index values and the worst possible value for EQ VAS. Data from non-respondents were multiply imputed (n = 60 for the index values and n = 58 for EQ VAS scores). Red represents worse outcomes, and blue represents better outcomes. For EQ-5D-5L index values, < 1% of the values in each group in the imputed datasets were below 0, corresponding to health states worse than being dead. These values are displayed together with the value zero
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Distribution of single HRQoL domain levels among the 180-day survivors in the two intervention groups. Values are from the responding survivors only (patients (n = 503) and relatives on behalf of patients (n = 73; for these 73 patients, relatives were unable to respond for one patient in the 12 mg group in the usual activities domain and for one patient in the 12 mg group in the anxiety/depression domain)). Patients or relatives answered one of 5 levels (no problems or slight, moderate, severe, or extreme problems) for each of the 5 domains in the EQ-5D-5L survey. The corresponding numeric data are presented in Table S2, ESM 3
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Sterne JAC, Murthy S, Diaz JV, Slutsky AS, Villar J, Angus DC, Annane D, Azevedo LCP, Berwanger O, Cavalcanti AB, Dequin PF, Du B, Emberson J, Fisher D, Giraudeau B, Gordon AC, Granholm A, Green C, Haynes R, Heming N, Higgins JPT, Horby P, Juni P, Landray MJ, Le Gouge A, Leclerc M, Lim WS, Machado FR, McArthur C, Meziani F, Moller MH, Perner A, Petersen MW, Savovic J, Tomazini B, Veiga VC, Webb S, Marshall JC. Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324:1330–1341. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17023. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Poudel AN, Zhu S, Cooper N, Roderick P, Alwan N, Tarrant C, Ziauddeen N, Yao GL. Impact of COVID-19 on health-related quality of life of patients: a structured review. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0259164. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259164. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rochwerg B, Siemieniuk RA, Agoritsas T, Lamontagne F, Askie L, Lytvyn L, Agarwal A, Leo YS, Macdonald H, Zeng L, Amin W, Burhan E, Bausch FJ, Calfee CS, Cecconi M, Chanda D, Du B, Geduld H, Gee P, Harley N, Hashimi M, Hunt B, Kabra SK, Kanda S, Kawano-Dourado L, Kim YJ, Kissoon N, Kwizera A, Mahaka I, Manai H, Mino G, Nsutebu E, Pshenichnaya N, Qadir N, Sabzwari S, Sarin R, Shankar-Hari M, Sharland M, Shen Y, Ranganathan SS, Souza JP, Stegemann M, De Sutter A, Ugarte S, Venkatapuram S, Dat VQ, Vuyiseka D, Wijewickrama A, Maguire B, Zeraatkar D, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Brignardello-Petersen R, Owen A, Guyatt G, Diaz J, Jacobs M, Vandvik PO. A living WHO guideline on drugs for COVID-19. BMJ. 2020;370:m3379. - PubMed
    1. Munch MW, Myatra SN, Vijayaraghavan BKT, Saseedharan S, Benfield T, Wahlin RR, Rasmussen BS, Andreasen AS, Poulsen LM, Cioccari L, Khan MS, Kapadia F, Divatia JV, Brochner AC, Bestle MH, Helleberg M, Michelsen J, Padmanaban A, Bose N, Moller A, Borawake K, Kristiansen KT, Shukla U, Chew MS, Dixit S, Ulrik CS, Amin PR, Chawla R, Wamberg CA, Shah MS, Darfelt IS, Jorgensen VL, Smitt M, Granholm A, Kjaer MN, Moller MH, Meyhoff TS, Vesterlund GK, Hammond NE, Micallef S, Bassi A, John O, Jha A, Cronhjort M, Jakob SM, Gluud C, Lange T, Kadam V, Marcussen KV, Hollenberg J, Hedman A, Nielsen H, Schjorring OL, Jensen MQ, Leistner JW, Jonassen TB, Kristensen CM, Clapp EC, Hjortso CJS, Jensen TS, Halstad LS, Bak ERB, Zaabalawi R, Metcalf-Clausen M, Abdi S, Hatley EV, Aksnes TS, Gleipner-Andersen E, Alarcon AF, Yamin G, Heymowski A, Berggren A, La Cour K, Weihe S, Pind AH, Engstrom J, Jha V, Venkatesh B, Perner A. Effect of 12 mg vs 6 mg of dexamethasone on the number of days alive without life support in adults with COVID-19 and Severe hypoxemia: the COVID STEROID 2 randomized trial. JAMA. 2021;326:1807–1817. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.18295. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Granholm A, Munch MW, Myatra SN, Vijayaraghavan BKT, Cronhjort M, Wahlin RR, Jakob SM, Cioccari L, Kjaer MN, Vesterlund GK, Meyhoff TS, Helleberg M, Moller MH, Benfield T, Venkatesh B, Hammond NE, Micallef S, Bassi A, John O, Jha V, Kristiansen KT, Ulrik CS, Jorgensen VL, Smitt M, Bestle MH, Andreasen AS, Poulsen LM, Rasmussen BS, Brochner AC, Strom T, Moller A, Khan MS, Padmanaban A, Divatia JV, Saseedharan S, Borawake K, Kapadia F, Dixit S, Chawla R, Shukla U, Amin P, Chew MS, Wamberg CA, Gluud C, Lange T, Perner A. Dexamethasone 12 mg versus 6 mg for patients with COVID-19 and severe hypoxaemia: a pre-planned, secondary Bayesian analysis of the COVID STEROID 2 trial. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48:45–55. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06573-1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Associated data