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. 2022 Mar 27;20(1):15593258221079592.
doi: 10.1177/15593258221079592. eCollection 2022 Jan-Mar.

Dose-dependent Spasmolytic, Bronchodilator, and Hypotensive Activities of Panicum miliaceum L

Fatima Saqib  1 , Arwa Abdulkreem Al-Huqail  2 , Memona Asma  1 , Liana Chicea  3 , Mircea Hogea  4 , Marius Irimie  4 , Claudia Gavris  4
Affiliations

Dose-dependent Spasmolytic, Bronchodilator, and Hypotensive Activities of Panicum miliaceum L

Fatima Saqib et al. Dose Response. .

Abstract

Panicum miliaceum L. is a medicinally effective plant used in indigenous system of medicine for a variety of ailments. However, there is no comprehensive study explaining its effectiveness in gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, and cardiovascular system ailments. This study was designed to validate the pharmacological basis for the folkloric use of Panicum miliaceum L. in diarrhea, asthma, and hypertension. Panicum miliaceum extract was analyzed to detect the presence of bioactive compounds by HPLC. The isolated rabbit jejunum, trachea, and aorta were used for in vitro experiments using tissue bath assembly coupled with Power Lab data acquisition system to explore their relative effects. In-vivo experiments were performed for anti-diarrheal activity. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, catechin, and quercetin. Concentration dependent activities were observed by relaxing K+ (low) induced contractions having spasmolytic effect with EC50 = .358 ± .052, bronchodilator (EC50 = 2.483 ± .05793), and vasorelaxant (EC50 = .383 ± .063), probably due to the ATP dependent potassium channel activation. It was confirmed through pre-exposure of glibenclamide (specific ATP-dependent K+ channel blocker) having similarities with cromakalim. Pm.Cr revealed its antidiarrheal via in vivo experiments on rats. This study indicates that Panicum miliaceum has antidiarrheal, spasmolytic, bronchodilator, and vasorelaxant activities probably due to the ATP dependent K+ channel activation.

Keywords: ATP-dependent K+ channel opener; HPLC; Panicum miliaceum; antidiarrheal; bronchodilation; spasmolytic; vasodilation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
HPLC- chromatogram of Panicum miliaceum L.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Pm.Cr extract effect on (A) natural(spontaneous) contractions (B) Low-K induced contractions (C) Low-K induced contractions pre-treated with 3 μML−1 glibenclamide.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Pm.Aq extract effect on (A) natural (spontaneous) contractions (B) Low-K+ induced contractions.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Impact of Pm.Dcm on (A) natural contractions in jejunum (B) on contractions triggered by Low-K+.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Graphical representation of sigmoidal dose response curves. (A) Pm.Cr (B) Pm.Aq (C) Pm.Dcm on natural (spontaneous) and Low-K+ induced contractions (D) Pm.Cr in presence of 3 μML−1 glibenclamide and (E) cromakalim effect low-K+ triggered contractions in presence and absence of glibenclamide in isolated rabbit jejunum.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Effect of Pm.Cr on contractions triggered by (A) Low-K (B) CCh(1 μM) (C) Low-K with Glibenclamide in trachea.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Effect of Pm.Aq on contractions triggered by (A) Low-K (B) CCh(1 μM) in trachea.
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Effect of Pm.Dcm on contractions triggered by (A) Low-K (B) CCh(1 μM) in trachea.
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Concentration dependent relaxing effect of Panicum miliaceum response (A) Pm.Cr (B) Pm.Aq (C) Pm.Dcm effect on low-K+ and CCh triggered contractions & (D) Pm.Cr (E) cromakalim effect on low-K+ triggered contractions in presence and absence of glibenclamide on tracheal tissue.
Figure 10.
Figure 10.
Effect of Pm.Cr on contractions triggered by (A) Low-K (B) PE(1 μM) (C) Low-K with Glibenclamide in aorta.
Figure 11.
Figure 11.
Effect of Pm.Dcm on provoked contractions of (A) Pm.Dcm (B) Low-K+ (C) PE(1 μM) in aorta.
Figure 12.
Figure 12.
Concentration dependent relaxing effect of Panicum miliaceum response; (A) Pm.Cr on low-K+ and PE triggered & (B) Pm.Cr (C) Cromakalim effect on low-K+ triggered contractions with and without glibenclamide on aortic tissue.
Figure 13.
Figure 13.
Pm.Cr effect on diarrhea stimulated by castor oil in rats, (A) dose dependent antidiarrheal effect of Pm.Cr, cromakalim, and Loperamide (B) dose dependent antidiarrheal effect of Pm.Cr, cromakalim, and Loperamide pretreated with glibenclamide. Applied Dunnett’s test and 1-way ANOVA. **P < .01 and ***P < .005 comparison was done with control.
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