Regulation of Magnesium Matrix Composites Materials on Bone Immune Microenvironment and Osteogenic Mechanism

Abstract

Despite magnesium based metal materials are widely used in bone defect repair, there are still various deficiencies, and their properties need to be optimized. Composites synthesized with magnesium based metal as matrix are the research hotspot, and the host immune response after biomaterial implantation is very important for bone binding. By studying the immunoregulation of bone biomaterials, it can regulate the immune response in the process of osteogenesis and create a good local immune microenvironment, which is conducive to biomaterials to reduce inflammatory response and promote good bone binding. This article introduces the osteogenic mechanism of magnesium based metal materials and its regulation on bone immune microenvironment in detail.

Keywords: bone immunity; coating; functionalmaterials; magnesium; osteogenesis; osteogenic mechanism.

FIGURE 1

(ALP: alkaline phosphatase; OPN: Bone bridge egg white, BMP-2: Bone morphogenetic protein-2, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, OSM: tumor suppressant M, TRAP: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, OPG: osteoprotectin; Il-6: Interleukin-6, RANK: nuclear factor κβ receptor activation factor, TNF: Tumor necrosis factor) (Chen et al., 2018)_.

FIGURE 2

Macrophages have high plasticity and exhibit pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 types (Italiani and Boraschi, 2014)_.

FIGURE 3

Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺could promote osteogenic gene expression via binding to calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and activating ERK signaling pathway through Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway (Li et al., 2016).

FIGURE 4

Mg ions promoting osteogenesis may be achieved by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway or promoting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation via Wnt/β-Catenin (Iezaki et al., 2016).

FIGURE 5

Mg ions enter into MSC through TRPM7 channel, increasing Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD) nuclear translocation (Díaz-Tocados. et al., 2017).

FIGURE 6

Activation of CREB1 and SP7 by Mg mediated CGRP (Zhang et al., 2016)_.