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. 2022 Apr 4;4(4):CD011136.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011136.pub3.

Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation

Jan Hansel  1 , Andrew M Rogers  2 , Sharon R Lewis  3 , Tim M Cook  2   4 , Andrew F Smith  5   6
Affiliations

Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation

Jan Hansel et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Tracheal intubation is a common procedure performed to secure the airway in adults undergoing surgery or those who are critically ill. Intubation is sometimes associated with difficulties and complications that may result in patient harm. While it is traditionally achieved by performing direct laryngoscopy, the past three decades have seen the advent of rigid indirect videolaryngoscopes (VLs). A mounting body of evidence comparing the two approaches to tracheal intubation has been acquired over this period of time. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2016.

Objectives: To assess whether use of different designs of VLs in adults requiring tracheal intubation reduces the failure rate compared with direct laryngoscopy, and assess the benefits and risks of these devices in selected population groups, users and settings.

Search methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and Web of Science on 27 February 2021. We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings and conducted forward and backward citation searches.

Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs with adults undergoing laryngoscopy performed with either a VL or a Macintosh direct laryngoscope (DL) in any clinical setting. We included parallel and cross-over study designs.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We collected data for the following outcomes: failed intubation, hypoxaemia, successful first attempt at tracheal intubation, oesophageal intubation, dental trauma, Cormack-Lehane grade, and time for tracheal intubation.

Main results: We included 222 studies (219 RCTs, three quasi-RCTs) with 26,149 participants undergoing tracheal intubation. Most studies recruited adults undergoing elective surgery requiring tracheal intubation. Twenty-one studies recruited participants with a known or predicted difficult airway, and an additional 25 studies simulated a difficult airway. Twenty-one studies were conducted outside the operating theatre environment; of these, six were in the prehospital setting, seven in the emergency department and eight in the intensive care unit. We report here the findings of the three main comparisons according to videolaryngoscopy device type. We downgraded the certainty of the outcomes for imprecision, study limitations (e.g. high or unclear risks of bias), inconsistency when we noted substantial levels of statistical heterogeneity and publication bias. Macintosh-style videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy (61 studies, 9883 participants) We found moderate-certainty evidence that a Macintosh-style VL probably reduces rates of failed intubation (risk ratio (RR) 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26 to 0.65; 41 studies, 4615 participants) and hypoxaemia (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.99; 16 studies, 2127 participants). These devices may also increase rates of success on the first intubation attempt (RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.09; 42 studies, 7311 participants; low-certainty evidence) and probably improve glottic view when assessed as Cormack-Lehane grade 3 and 4 (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.48; 38 studies, 4368 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We found little or no clear difference in rates of oesophageal intubation (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.21; 14 studies, 2404 participants) but this finding was supported by low-certainty evidence. We were unsure of the findings for dental trauma because the certainty of this evidence was very low (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.16 to 2.89; 18 studies, 2297 participants). We were not able to pool data for time required for tracheal intubation owing to considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 96%). Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy (96 studies, 11,438 participants) We found moderate-certainty evidence that hyperangulated VLs probably reduce rates of failed intubation (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.76; 63 studies, 7146 participants) and oesophageal intubation (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.81; 14 studies, 1968 participants). In subgroup analysis, we noted that hyperangulated VLs were more likely to reduce failed intubation when used on known or predicted difficult airways (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.48; P = 0.03 for subgroup differences; 15 studies, 1520 participants). We also found that these devices may increase rates of success on the first intubation attempt (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05; 66 studies, 8086 participants; low-certainty evidence) and the glottic view is probably also improved (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.24; 54 studies, 6058 participants; data for Cormack-Lehane grade 3/4 views; moderate-certainty evidence). However, we found low-certainty evidence of little or no clear difference in rates of hypoxaemia (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.11; 15 studies, 1691 participants), and the findings for dental trauma were unclear because the certainty of this evidence was very low (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.59; 30 studies, 3497 participants). We were not able to pool data for time required for tracheal intubation owing to considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 99%). Channelled videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy (73 studies, 7165 participants) We found moderate-certainty evidence that channelled VLs probably reduce rates of failed intubation (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.61; 53 studies, 5367 participants) and hypoxaemia (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.50; 15 studies, 1966 participants). They may also increase rates of success on the first intubation attempt (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.15; 47 studies, 5210 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and probably improve glottic view (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.21; 40 studies, 3955 participants; data for Cormack-Lehane grade 3/4 views; moderate-certainty evidence). We found little or no clear difference in rates of oesophageal intubation (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.75; 16 studies, 1756 participants) but this was supported by low-certainty evidence. We were unsure of the findings for dental trauma because the certainty of the evidence was very low (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.13 to 2.12; 29 studies, 2375 participants). We were not able to pool data for time required for tracheal intubation owing to considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 98%).

Authors' conclusions: VLs of all designs likely reduce rates of failed intubation and result in higher rates of successful intubation on the first attempt with improved glottic views. Macintosh-style and channelled VLs likely reduce rates of hypoxaemic events, while hyperangulated VLs probably reduce rates of oesophageal intubation. We conclude that videolaryngoscopy likely provides a safer risk profile compared to direct laryngoscopy for all adults undergoing tracheal intubation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Sharon R Lewis, systematic reviewer: none known

Jan Hansel: none known

Andrew Rogers: none known

Tim M Cook was paid for lecturing, several years ago (> 36 months), by Intavent Orthofix and the LMA Company. This company manufactures and distributes several supraglottic airway devices and one videolaryngoscope: AP Venner. Dr Cook's department has received free or at‐cost airway equipment from numerous 'airway' companies for evaluation or research. He and his family have no financial investments and no ownership of any such company of which he is aware. Dr Cook has reported no other conflicts of interest. He spoke at a Storz educational meeting in 2015, and the company paid the costs of travel to this meeting and accommodations. He received no financial benefit from the meeting and was not paid to speak.

Andrew F Smith has received funding for market research relating to airway devices, but not for videolaryngoscopes, nor for any company that produces them.

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. Blank spaces indicate we did not complete a risk of bias assessment because we were not able to extract any relevant data for our chosen outcomes.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: Macintosh‐style videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy, outcome 1.1, failed intubation
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: hyperangulated videolaryngoscopy, subgroup analysis of failed intubation in participants with predicted, known or simulated features of airway difficulty
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: channelled videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy, outcome 3.3, successful first attempt
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 1: Failed intubation
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 2: Hypoxaemia
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 3: Successful first attempt
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 4: Oesophageal intubation
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 5: Dental trauma
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 6: Cormack‐Lehane (CL) grade
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 7: Time for tracheal intubation
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 8: Patient‐reported sore throat
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 9: Number of attempts
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 10: Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS)
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 11: POGO Score
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 12: Mortality
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Macintosh‐style VL versus DL, Outcome 13: Subgroup analysis of failed intubation: airway difficulty
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 1: Failed intubation
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 2: Hypoxaemia
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 3: Successful first attempt
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 4: Oesophageal intubation
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 5: Dental trauma
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 6: Cormack‐Lehane (CL) grade
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 7: Time for tracheal intubation
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 8: Patient‐reported sore throat
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 9: Number of attempts
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 10: Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS)
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 11: POGO Score
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 12: Mortality
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2: Hyperangulated VL versus DL, Outcome 13: Subgroup analysis of failed intubation: airway difficulty
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 1: Failed intubation
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 2: Hypoxaemia
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 3: Successful first attempt
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 4: Oesophageal intubation
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 5: Dental trauma
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 6: Cormack‐Lehane (CL) grade
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 7: Time for tracheal intubation
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 8: Patient‐reported sore throat
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 9: Number of attempts
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 10: Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS)
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 11: POGO Score
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3: Channelled VL versus DL, Outcome 12: Subgroup analysis of failed intubation: airway difficulty
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: VL versus DL (all devices combined), Outcome 1: Failed intubation
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: VL versus DL (all devices combined), Outcome 2: Hypoxia
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: VL versus DL (all devices combined), Outcome 3: Successful first attempt
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: VL versus DL (all devices combined), Outcome 4: Oesophageal intubation
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: VL versus DL (all devices combined), Outcome 5: Subgroup analysis of failed intubation: theatre versus non‐theatre
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: VL versus DL (all devices combined), Outcome 6: Subgroup analysis of failed intubation: obesity
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4: VL versus DL (all devices combined), Outcome 7: Subgroup analysis of failed intubation: airway difficulty
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4: VL versus DL (all devices combined), Outcome 8: Subgroup analysis of failed intubation: intubator experience
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Blajic 2019 {published data only}
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Buhari 2016 {published data only}
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Carassiti 2013 {published data only}
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Castillo‐Monzon 2017 {published data only}
    1. Castillo-Monzon CG, Marroquin-Valz HA, Fernandez-Villacanas-Marin M, Moreno-Cascales M, Garcia-Rojo B, Candia-Arana CA.Comparison of the Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes in morbidly obese patients: a randomized and prospective study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2017;36:136-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Cattano 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cattano D, Ferrario L, Patel CB, Maddukuri V, Melnikov V, Gumbert SD, et al.Utilization of C-MAC videolaryngoscopy for direct and indirect assisted endotracheal intubation. Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Science 2013;2:10. [DOI: 10.7243/2049-9752-2-10] - DOI
Cavus 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cavus E, Thee C, Moeller T, Kieckhaefer J, Doerges V, Wagner K.A randomised, controlled crossover comparison of the C-MAC videolaryngoscope with direct laryngoscopy in 150 patients during routine induction of anaesthesia. BMC Anesthesiology 2011;11:6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Cengiz 2019 {published data only}
    1. Cengiz S, Yilmaz S.The effect of intubation with video and conventional laryngoscopy on hemodynamic response. Journal of Cardio-Vascular-Thoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Society 2019;25(1):31-42.
Cha 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cha SM, Kang H, Baek CW, Park JW, Jung YH.A comparative study on the efficacy and cardiovascular response generated by Macintosh and Pentax-AWS video laryngoscopic endotracheal intubation methods. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2009;56(2):146-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Chalkeidis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chalkeidis O, Kotsovolis G, Kalakonas A, Filippidou M, Triantafyllou C, Vaikos D, et al.A comparison between the Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes for routine airway management by experienced anesthesiologists: a randomized clinical trial. Acta Anaesthesiologica Taiwanica 2010;48(1):15-20. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Chandrashekaraiah 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chandrashekaraiah MM, Shah VH, Pandey VC, Adeel S.Evaluation of ease of intubation using C-MAC vs Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with the application of manual inline axial stabilization – a randomized comparative study. Sri Lankan Journal of Anaesthesiology 2017;25(1):8‐12.
Chen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chen C, Hei Z, Xing J, Zhu Q, Qiu R, Liu J, et al.Laryngoscopic techniques modulate anaesthesiologists' perception of halitosis in patients: a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2019;36(12):918-23. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Choi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Choi GS, Lee E, Lim CS, Yoon SH.A comparative study on the usefulness of the Glidescope or Macintosh laryngoscope when intubating normal airways. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;60(5):339-43. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Colak 2015 {published data only}
    1. Colak A, Copuroglu E, Yilmaz A, Sahin SH, Turan N.A comparison of the effects of different types of laryngoscope on the cervical motions: randomized clinical trial. Balkan Medical Journal 2015;32(2):176-82. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Colak 2019 {published data only}
    1. Colak F, Ozgul U, Erdogan MA, Kayhan GE, Erdil FA, Colak C, et al.Comparison of hemodynamic responses and QTc intervals to tracheal intubation with the McGrath MAC videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh direct laryngoscope in elderly patients. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2019;35(2):116-22. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Cordovani 2019 {published data only}
    1. Cordovani D, Russell T, Wee W, Suen A, Cooper RM.Measurement of forces applied using a Macintosh direct laryngoscope compared with a Glidescope video laryngoscope in patients with predictors of difficult laryngoscopy: a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2019;36(3):221-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Cordovani D, Russell T, Wee W, Suen A, Katznelson R, Cooper R.Measurement of forces applied using a Macintosh direct laryngoscope compared with the GlideScope video laryngoscope in patients with at least one difficult intubation risk. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2013;25(3):250-1.
Das 2016 {published data only}
    1. Das B, Samal RK, Ghosh A, Kundu R.A randomised comparative study of the effect of Airtraq optical laryngoscope vs. Macintosh laryngoscope on intraocular pressure in non-ophthalmic surgery. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;66(1):19-23. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dashti 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dashti M, Amini S, Azarfarin R, Totonchi Z, Hatami M.Hemodynamic changes following endotracheal intubation with GlideScope video-laryngoscope in patients with untreated hypertension. Research in Cardiovascular Medicine 2014;3(2):e17598. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Dey 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dey S, Pradhan D, Saikia P, Bhattacharyya P, Khandelwal H, Adarsha KN.Intubation in the intensive care unit: C-MAC video laryngoscope versus Macintosh laryngoscope. Medicina Intensiva 2020;44(3):135-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dharanindra 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dharanindra M.A comparative study of King Vision video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope for intubation in the ICU. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2020;24 Suppl 2:S38-9. - PMC - PubMed
Dostalova 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dostalova V, Schreiberova J, Kukralova L, Bartos M, Dostal P.The impact of videolaryngoscopy on the depth of endotracheal tube placement and the rate of unintended endobronchial intubation - a prospective randomized study background and goal of the study. Anesteziologie a Intenzivni Medicina 2019;30(3‐4):130‐6.
Driver 2016 {published data only}
    1. Driver BE, Prekker ME, Moore JC, Schick AL, Reardon RF, Miner JR.Direct versus video laryngoscopy using the C-MAC for tracheal intubation in the emergency department, a randomized controlled trial. Academic Emergency Medicine 2016;23(4):433-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ducharme 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ducharme S, Kramer B, Gelbart D, Colleran C, Risavi B, Carlson JN.A pilot, prospective, randomized trial of video versus direct laryngoscopy for paramedic endotracheal intubation. Resuscitation 2017;114:121-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Echeverri 2020 {published data only}
    1. Echeverri Ospina YC, Casas Arroyave FD, Zamudio Burbano MA.Airway injuries after intubation using videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adult patients requiring tracheal intubation. Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2020;30:e25.
El‐Tahan 2017a {published data only}
    1. El-Tahan MR, El Kenany S, Khidr AM, Al Ghamdi AA, Tawfik AM, Al Mulhim AS.Cervical spine motion during tracheal intubation with King Vision video laryngoscopy and conventional laryngoscopy: a crossover randomized study. Minerva Anestesiologica 2017;83(11):1152-60. [PMID: ] - PubMed
El‐Tahan 2017b {published data only}
    1. El-Tahan MR, Khidr AM, Gaarour IS, Alshadwi SA, Alghamdi TM, Al Ghamdi AA.A comparison of 3 videolaryngoscopes for double-lumen tube intubation in humans by users with mixed experience: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2017;32(1):277-86. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Enomoto 2008 {published data only}
    1. Enomoto Y, Asai T, Arai T, Kamishima K, Okuda Y.Pentax-AWS, a new videolaryngoscope, is more effective than the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with restricted neck movements: a randomized comparative study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(4):544-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Erden 2010 {published data only}
    1. Erden IA, Pamuk AG, Uzun S, Geyik S, Cekirge S, Aypar U.Cervical spine movement during intubation using the Airtraq and direct laryngoscopy. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2010;40(2):299-304.
Erdivanli 2018 {published data only}
    1. Erdivanli B, Sen A, Batcik S, Koyuncu T, Kazdal H.Comparison of King Vision video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2018;68(5):499-506. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Erturk 2015 {published data only}
    1. Erturk T, Deniz S, Simsek F, Purtuloglu T, Kurt E.Comparison of the Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes in endotracheal intubation success. Turk Anestezi Ve Reanimasyon Dergisi 2015;43(3):181-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ferrando 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ferrando C, Aguilar G, Belda FJ.Comparison of the laryngeal view during tracheal intubation using Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes by unskillful anesthesiology residents: a clinical study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2011:301057. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Foulds 2016a {published data only}
    1. Foulds L, Wallace C, McLeod G, McGuire B.A randomized controlled trial comparing the ease of tracheal intubation using a McGrath MAC laryngoscope and a standard Macintosh laryngoscope. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2016;116(6):E905. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev258] - DOI - PubMed
Foulds 2016b {published data only}
    1. Foulds LT, McGuire BE, Shippey BJ.A randomised cross-over trial comparing the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope with the Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with cervical spine immobilisation. Anaesthesia 2016;71(4):437‐42. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Frohlich 2011 {published data only}
    1. Frohlich S, Borovickova L, Foley E, O'Sullivan E.A comparison of tracheal intubation using the McGrath or the Macintosh laryngoscopes in routine airway management. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28(6):465-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gandhi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gandhi R, Attar A.A comparison of tracheal intubation using the Airtraq and the Macintosh laryngoscope - a prospective study. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2019;8(28):2283-7.
Gao 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gao YX, Song YB, Gu ZJ, Zhang JS, Chen XF, Sun H, et al.Video versus direct laryngoscopy on successful firstpass endotracheal intubation in ICU patients. World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2018;9(2):99‐104. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Gavrilovska‐Brzanov 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gavrilovska-Brzanov A, Jarallah MA, Cogliati A, Mojsova-Mijovska M, Mijuskovic D, Slaveski D.Evaluation of the hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation comparing the Airtraq with Macintosh laryngoscopes in cardiac surgical patients. Acta Informatica Medica 2015;23(5):280-4. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Goksu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Goksu E, Kilic T, Yildiz G, Unal A, Kartal M.Comparison of the C-MAC video laryngoscope to the Macintosh laryngoscope for intubation of blunt trauma patients in the ED. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine 2016;16(2):53-6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Golboyu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Golboyu BE, Aksun M, Girgin S, Karaca PB, Ekinci M, Ahiskalioglu A.Comparison of McGrath 5 videolaryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in endotracheal intubation success and its effect on hemodynamic changes. Anestezi Dergisi 2016;24(1):18‐23.
Griesdale 2012a {published data only}
    1. Griesdale DE, Chau A, Isac G, Ayas N, Foster D, Irwin C, et al.Video-laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy in critically ill patients: a pilot randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;59(11):1032-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gunes 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gunes M, Cinar AS, Uludag M.Randomized prospective comparison of GlideScope video laryngoscope with Macintosh laryngoscope in adult who underwent thyroid or parathyroid surgery using neuromonitorization. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul 2020;54(3):320-6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Gupta 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gupta N, Rath GP, Prabhakar H.Clinical evaluation of C-MAC videolaryngoscope with or without use of stylet for endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilization. Journal of Anesthesia 2013;27(5):663-70. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gupta 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gupta R, Sahni A.Is video laryngoscopy easier than direct laryngoscopy for intubation in patients with contracture neck? Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;14(2):206-11. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hamp 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hamp T, Stumpner T, Grubhofer G, Ruetzler K, Thell R, Hager H.Haemodynamic response at double lumen bronchial tube placement - Airtraq vs. Macintosh laryngoscope, a randomised controlled trial. Heart Lung and Vessels 2015;7(1):54-63. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hindman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hindman BJ, Santoni BG, Puttlitz CM, From RP, Todd MM.Intubation biomechanics: laryngoscope force and cervical spine motion during intubation with Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes. Anesthesiology 2014;121(2):260-71. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hirabayashi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hirabayashi Y, Fujita A, Seo N, Sugimoto H.A comparison of cervical spine movement during laryngoscopy using the Airtraq or Macintosh laryngoscopes. Anaesthesia 2008;63(6):635-40. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hirabayashi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hirabayashi Y, Seo N.Tracheal intubation by non-anesthesia residents using the Pentax-AWS airway scope and Macintosh laryngoscope. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2009;21(4):268-71. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hosalli 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hosalli V, Arjun BK, Ambi U, Hulakund S.Comparison of Airtraq, McCoy and Macintosh laryngoscopes for endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilisation: a randomised clinical trial. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2017;61(4):332-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hostic 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hostic V, Maldini B, Novotny Z, Hodzovic I.Clinical evaluation of C-Mac D-Blade video laryngoscope: randomized comparison with C-Mac Blade and direct laryngoscopy. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2016;116(6):E905-6. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev258] - DOI
Hsu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hsu HT, Chou SH, Wu PJ, Tseng KY, Kuo YW, Chou CY, et al.Comparison of the GlideScope videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope for double-lumen tube intubation. Anaesthesia 2012;67(4):411-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hu B, Zhou H, Wang J, Li Y, Luo J.Glidescope video laryngoscope vs. Macintosh direct laryngoscope for the intubation of laryngeal neoplasm patients: a randomized controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2017;10(9):13639‐45.
Huang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Huang P, Zhou R, Lu Z, Hang Y, Wang S, Huang Z.GlideScope versus C-MAC (D) videolaryngoscope versus Macintosh laryngoscope for double lumen endotracheal intubation in patients with predicted normal airways: a randomized, controlled, prospective trial. BMC Anesthesiology 2020;20(1):119. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ilyas 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ilyas S, Symons J, Bradley WP, Segal R, Taylor H, Lee K, et al.A prospective randomised controlled trial comparing tracheal intubation plus manual in-line stabilisation of the cervical spine using the Macintosh laryngoscope vs the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope. Anaesthesia 2014;69(12):1345-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Inal 2016 {published data only}
    1. Inal MT, Memis D, Yandim T, Ersoz S.Comparison of TruView EVO2 laryngoscope with Macintosh laryngoscope on patients undergoing caesarean section. Nobel Medicus 2016;12(3):12-6. [CORPUS: 53461944]
Inangil 2018 {published data only}
    1. Inangil G, Cansiz KH, Gurbuz F, Bakal O, Gokben FM, Sen H.Comparison of hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation with the GlideScope video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi 2018;26(3):386-93. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ing 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ing R, Liu N, Chazot T, Fessler J, Dreyfus JF, Fischler M, et al.Nociceptive stimulation during Macintosh direct laryngoscopy compared with McGrath MAC videolaryngoscopy: a randomized trial using indirect evaluation using an automated administration of propofol and remifentanil. Medicine 2017;96(38):e8087. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ithnin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ithnin F, Lim Y, Shah M, Shen L, Sia AT.Tracheal intubating conditions using propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion: a comparison of remifentanil EC50 for Glidescope and Macintosh. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(3):223-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Jafra 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jafra A, Gombar S, Kapoor D, Sandhu HS, Kumari K.A prospective randomized controlled study to evaluate and compare GlideScope with Macintosh laryngoscope for ease of endotracheal intubation in adult patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2018;12(2):272-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Janz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Janz DR, Semler MW, Lentz RJ, Matthews DT, Assad TR, Norman BC, et al.Randomized trial of video laryngoscopy for endotracheal intubation of critically ill adults. Critical Care Medicine 2016;44(11):1980-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Jungbauer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jungbauer A, Schumann M, Brunkhorst V, Borgers A, Groeben H.Expected difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective comparison of direct laryngoscopy and video laryngoscopy in 200 patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(4):546-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kanchi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kanchi M, Nair H, Banakal S, Murthy K, Murugesan C.Haemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation in coronary artery disease: direct versus video laryngoscopy. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(3):260-5. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kapadia 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kapadia AA, Shafiq F, Raza A.Post operative sore throat: comparison between Macintosh versus video laryngoscope in patients intubated by trainee anaesthetists - a randomised control trial. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2021;37(3):764-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Karaman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Karaman T, Dogru S, Karaman S, Demir S, Kaya Z, Suren M, et al.Intraocular pressure changes: the McGrath video laryngoscope vs the Macintosh laryngoscope; a randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2016;34:358-64. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kaur 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kaur G, Gupta S, Mehta N, Dhingra JS.Comparative evaluation of McGrath MAC, Truview video laryngoscopes and Macintosh laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2020;14(1):20-4. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kido 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kido H, Komasawa N, Matsunami S, Kusaka Y, Minami T.Comparison of McGrath MAC and Macintosh laryngoscopes for double-lumen endotracheal tube intubation by anesthesia residents: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2015;27(6):476-80. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kill 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kill C, Risse J, Wallot P, Seidl P, Steinfeldt T, Wulf H.Videolaryngoscopy with GlideScope reduces cervical spine movement in patients with unsecured cervical spine. Journal of Emergency Medicine 2013;44(4):750-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kim MK, Park SW, Lee JW.Randomized comparison of the Pentax AirWay Scope and Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;111(4):662-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kim 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kim JW, Park SO, Lee KR, Hong DY, Baek KJ, Lee YH, et al.Video laryngoscopy vs. direct laryngoscopy: which should be chosen for endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation? A prospective randomized controlled study of experienced intubators. Resuscitation 2016;105:196-202. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kim 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kim KN, Jeong MA, Oh YN, Kim SY, Kim JY.Efficacy of Pentax Airway Scope versus Macintosh laryngoscope when used by novice personnel: a prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of International Medical Research 2018;46(1):258-71. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kleine‐Brueggeney 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kleine-Brueggeney M, Buttenberg M, Greif R, Nabecker S, Theiler L.Evaluation of three unchannelled videolaryngoscopes and the Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with a simulated difficult airway: a randomised, controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2017;72(3):370-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Koennecke 2014 {published data only}
    1. Koennecke X, Theiler L, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Nabecker S, Riggenbach C, Reinhardt M, et al.Are non-channeled video-laryngoscope blades superior to channeled video-laryngoscope blades? Swiss Video-Intubation Trial 2 (SWIVIT 2). Swiss Medical Weekly 2014;144:8S-9S.
Koh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Koh JC, Lee JS, Lee YW, Chang CH.Comparison of the laryngeal view during intubation using Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients with cervical spine immobilization and mouth opening limitation. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(5):314-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Komatsu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Komatsu R, Kamata K, Sessler DI, Ozaki M.Airway scope and Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients lying on the ground. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2010;111(2):427-31. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kreutziger 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kreutziger J, Hornung S, Harrer C, Urschl W, Doppler R, Voelckel WG, et al.Comparing the McGrath MAC video laryngoscope and direct laryngoscopy for prehospital emergency intubation in air rescue patients: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine 2019;47(10):1362-70. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kriege 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kriege M, Noppens RR.Evaluation of the McGrath MAC and Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;125(1):e209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.038] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kucukosman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kucukosman G, Aydin BG, Gulcek N, Okyay RD, Piskin O, Ayoglu H.The effect of laryngoscope types on hemodynamic response and optic nerve sheath diameter. McCoy, Macintosh, and C-MAC video-laryngoscope. Saudi Medical Journal 2020;41(9):930-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kumar 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kumar M, Gupta A, Mahajan H, Dhanerwa R, Chauhan P.Intubation with King Vision video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in cervical spine injured: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Anaesthetists Forum 2019;20(2):89-94.
Kurnaz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kurnaz MM, Saritas A.Comparison of the effects of Truview PCD video laryngoscopy and Macintosh blade direct laryngoscopy in geriatric patients. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2016;35:268-73. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Laosuwan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Laosuwan P, Earsakul A, Numkarunarunrote N, Khamjaisai J, Charuluxananan S.Randomized cinefluoroscopic comparison of cervical spine motion using McGrath Series 5 and Macintosh laryngoscope for intubation with manual in-line stabilization. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2015;98 Suppl 1:S63-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lascarrou 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lascarrou JB, Boisrame-Helms J, Bailly A, Le Thuaut A, Kamel T, Mercier E, et al.Video laryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy on successful first-pass orotracheal intubation among ICU patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017;317(5):483‐93. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lee 2009 {published data only}
    1. Lee RA, Van Zundert AA, Maassen RL, Willems RJ, Beeke LP, Schaaper JN, et al.Forces applied to the maxillary incisors during video-assisted intubation. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(1):187-91. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lee 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lee RA, Van Zundert AA, Maassen RL, Wieringa PA.Forces applied to the maxillary incisors by video laryngoscopes and the Macintosh laryngoscope. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2012;56(2):224-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lee H.The Pentax Airway Scope versus the Macintosh laryngoscope: comparison of hemodynamic responses and concentrations of plasma norepinephrine to tracheal intubation. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;64(4):315-20. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lim 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lim Y, Yeo SW.Comparison of the GlideScope with the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with simulated difficult airway. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2005;33(2):243-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lin W, Li H, Liu W, Cao L, Tan H, Zhong Z.A randomised trial comparing the CEL-100 videolaryngoscope with the Macintosh laryngoscope blade for insertion of double-lumen tubes. Anaesthesia 2012;67(7):771-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Liu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Liu ZJ, Yi J, Guo WJ, Ma C, Huang YG.Comparison of McGrath Series 3 and Macintosh laryngoscopes for tracheal intubation in patients with normal airway by inexperienced anesthetists: a randomized study. Medicine 2016;95(2):e2514. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Liu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liu DX, Ye Y, Zhu YH, Li J, He HY, Dong L, et al.Intubation of non-difficult airways using video laryngoscope versus direct laryngoscope: a randomized, parallel-group study. BMC Anesthesiology 2019;19(1):75. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lopez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lopez Mock C, Molina HR, Lopez Atencio C.Kingvision videolaryngoscope versus Macintosh laryngoscope: comparative study in patients with manual in line stabilization. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2017;29(4):530-2.
Loughnan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Loughnan A, Deng C, Dominick F, Pencheva L, Campbell D.A single-centre, randomised controlled feasibility pilot trial comparing performance of direct laryngoscopy versus videolaryngoscopy for endotracheal intubation in surgical patients. Pilot & Feasibility Studies 2019;5:50. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Maassen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Maassen R, Pieters BM, Maathuis B, Serroyen J, Marcus MA, Wouters P, et al.Endotracheal intubation using videolaryngoscopy causes less cardiovascular response compared to classic direct laryngoscopy, in cardiac patients according a standard hospital protocol. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2012;63(4):181-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Macke 2020 {published data only}
    1. Macke C, Gralla F, Winkelmann M, Clausen JD, Haertle M, Krettek C, et al.Increased first pass success with C-MAC videolaryngoscopy in prehospital endotracheal intubation—a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020;9(9):1‐9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Maharaj 2006 {published data only}
    1. Maharaj CH, O'Croinin D, Curley G, Harte BH, Laffey JG.A comparison of tracheal intubation using the Airtraq or the Macintosh laryngoscope in routine airway management: a randomised, controlled clinical trial. Anaesthesia 2006;61(11):1093-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Maharaj 2007 {published data only}
    1. Maharaj CH, Buckley E, Harte BH, Laffey JG.Endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilization - a comparison of Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes. Anesthesiology 2007;107(1):53-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Maharaj 2008 {published data only}
    1. Maharaj CH, Costello JF, Harte BH, Laffey JG.Evaluation of the Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients at increased risk for difficult tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 2008;63(2):182-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mahmood 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mahmood SF, Padmanabha S.Is Airtraq video laryngoscope a better alternative to conventional Macintosh direct laryngoscope during routine intubation? A comparative study. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2015;4(93):15903-4. [DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/2312] - DOI
Malik 2008 {published data only}
    1. Malik MA, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG.Comparison of Macintosh, Truview EVO2, Glidescope, and Airwayscope laryngoscope use in patients with cervical spine immobilization. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;101(5):723-30. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Malik 2009a {published data only}
    1. Malik MA, Subramaniam R, Churasia S, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG.Tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilization: a comparison of the Airwayscope, LMA CTrach, and the Macintosh laryngoscopes. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(5):654-61. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Malik 2009b {published data only}
    1. Malik MA, Subramaniam R, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG.Randomized controlled trial of the Pentax AWS, Glidescope, and Macintosh laryngoscopes in predicted difficult intubation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;103(5):761-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Marco 2011 {published data only}
    1. Marco P, Scattoni L, Spinoglio A, Luzi M, Canneti A, Pietropaoli P, et al.Learning curves of the Airtraq and the Macintosh laryngoscopes for tracheal intubation by novice laryngoscopists: a clinical study. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2011;112(1):122-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Marrel 2007 {published data only}
    1. Marrel J, Blanc C, Frascarolo P, Magnusson L.Videolaryngoscopy improves intubation condition in morbidly obese patients. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2007;24(12):1045-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Marsaban 2017 {published data only}
    1. Marsaban AH, Heriwardito A, Yundha I.Cardiovascular response and backward, upward, right push maneuver during laryngoscopy: comparison between CMAC video laryngoscopy and conventional Macintosh. Medical Journal of Indonesia 2017;26(2):116‐21. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v26i2.1505] - DOI
Maruyama 2008a {published data only}
    1. Maruyama K, Yamada T, Kawakami R, Hara K.Randomized cross-over comparison of cervical-spine motion with the AirWay Scope or Macintosh laryngoscope with in-line stabilization: a video-fluoroscopic study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;101(4):563-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Maruyama 2008b {published data only}
    1. Maruyama K, Yamada T, Kawakami R, Kamata T, Yokochi M, Hara K.Upper cervical spine movement during intubation: fluoroscopic comparison of the AirWay Scope, McCoy laryngoscope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):120-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Masoumifar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Masoumifar MA, Ebtehaj M, Kayalha H, Shafikhani AA.Comparing the postoperative sore throat incidence and hemodynamic changes after using Macintosh and GlideScope laryngoscopes and Laryngeal Mask Airway. Journal of Inflammatory Diseases 2020;23(6):540-9. [DOI: 10.32598/JQUMS.23.6.6] - DOI
Mathew 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mathew N, Gaude YK, Joseph TT, Kini KG.Comparison of haemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation using Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscope in patients with simulated cervical spine injury. Sri Lankan Journal of Anaesthesiology 2018;26(2):124‐30. [DOI: 10.4038/slja.v26i2.8331] - DOI
McElwain 2011 {published data only}
    1. McElwain J, Laffey JG.Comparison of the C-MAC, Airtraq, and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients undergoing tracheal intubation with cervical spine immobilization. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;107(2):258-64. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Misirlioglu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Misirlioglu G, Sen O.Comparison of GlideScope video laryngoscopy and Macintosh laryngoscope in ear-nose and throat surgery. Irish Journal of Medical Science 2016;185(3):729-33. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Najafi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Najafi A, Imani F, Makarem J, Khajavi MR, Etezadi F, Habibi S, et al.Postoperative sore throat after laryngoscopy with Macintosh or Glide Scope video laryngoscope blade in normal airway patients. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 2014;4(1):e15136. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Nakayama 2010 {published data only}
    1. Nakayama Y, Yamauchi M, Yamakage M, Namiki A.An evaluation of double lumen tube placement using Airway scope, GlideScope or Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2010;1:S258. [71788475]
Nandakumar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Nandakumar K, Bhalla A, Pandey R, Baidya D, Subramaniam R, Kashyap L.Comparison of Macintosh, McCoy, and GlideScope video laryngoscope for intubation in morbidly obese patients: randomized controlled trial. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2018;12(3):433‐9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ndoko 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ndoko SK, Amathieu R, Tual L, Polliand C, Kamoun W, El Housseini L, et al.Tracheal intubation of morbidly obese patients: a randomized trial comparing performance of Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(2):263-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ninan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ninan JE, Ranjan RV, Ramachandran TR, George SK.C-MAC videolaryngoscope improves the laryngoscopy view in Mallampati class 2 and 3 patients. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2016;20(3):261-5. [EMBASE: 613958276]
Nishikawa 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nishikawa K, Matsuoka H, Saito S.Tracheal intubation with the Pentax-AWS (Airway Scope) reduces changes of hemodynamic responses and bispectral index scores compared with the Macintosh laryngoscope. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2009;21(4):292-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Paik 2020 {published data only}
    1. Paik H, Park HP.Randomized crossover trial comparing cervical spine motion during tracheal intubation with a Macintosh laryngoscope versus a C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope in a simulated immobilized cervical spine. BMC Anesthesiology 2020;20(1):201. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pappu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pappu A, Sharma B, Jain R, Dua N, Sood J.A randomised comparative study of "videoendoscope" with the Truview EVO2, C-MAC D Blade videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;64 Suppl 3:S186-92. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Parasa 2016 {published data only}
    1. Parasa M, Yallapragada SV, Vemuri NN, Shaik MS.Comparison of GlideScope video laryngoscope with Macintosh laryngoscope in adult patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):245-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Park 2010 {published data only}
    1. Park SJ, Lee WK, Lee DH.Is the Airtraq optical laryngoscope effective in tracheal intubation by novice personnel? Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(1):17-21. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pazur 2016 {published data only}
    1. Pazur I, Maldini B, Hostic V, Ozegic O, Obraz M.Comparison of Cormack Lehane grading system and Intubation Difficulty Score in patients intubated by D-Blade video and direct Macintosh laryngoscope: a randomized controlled study. Acta Clinica Croatica 2016;55(4):560-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Peck 2009 {published data only}
    1. Peck MJ, Novikova O, Hung O, Launcelott S, Law JA, Macquarrie K, et al.Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation using the McGrath laryngoscope in patients with cervical spine in-line immobilization. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2009;56:S85.
Postaci 2015 {published data only}
    1. Postaci A, Cakirca M, Sacan O, Aytac I, Sakizci Uyar B, Baskan S, et al.Comparison of the Mcgrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope to the standard Macintosh laryngoscope for the intubation of the obese patients. Anestezi Dergisi 2015;23(3):126-30. [2015379595]
Pournajafian 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pournajafian AR, Ghodraty MR, Faiz SH, Rahimzadeh P, Goodarzynejad H, Dogmehchi E.Comparing GlideScope video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope regarding hemodynamic responses during orotracheal intubation: a randomized controlled trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2014;16(4):e12334. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Rabbani 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rabbani T, Sultana F, Durga P, Nikhar SA.Comparison of Macintosh laryngoscope, C-MAC videolaryngoscope and Airtraq for intubation in lateral position. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;64(13 Suppl 1):S54.
Rajasekhar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rajasekhar M, Yadav M, Kulkarni D, Gopinath R.Comparison of hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation using Macintosh or McCoy or C-MAC laryngoscope during uniform depth of anesthesia monitored by entropy. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2020;36(3):391-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ranieri 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ranieri D Jr, Filho SM, Batista S, do Nascimento P Jr.Comparison of Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes in obese patients placed in the ramped position. Anaesthesia 2012;67(9):980-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Reena 2019 {published data only}
    1. Reena.Comparison of King Vision video laryngoscope (channeled blade) with Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation using armored endotracheal tubes. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2019;35(3):359-62. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Rewari 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rewari V, Meshram T, Ramachandran R, Trikha A.Comparison of hemodynamic responses and upper airway morbidity following orotracheal intubation in hypertensive patients-Macintosh direct laryngoscope versus GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2017;124(5 Suppl 1):114. [DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000515996.62467.75] - DOI
Risse 2020 {published data only}
    1. Risse J, Schubert AK, Wiesmann T, Huelshoff A, Stay D, Zentgraf M, et al.Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for double-lumen endotracheal tube intubation in thoracic surgery - a randomised controlled clinical trial. BMC Anesthesiology 2020;20(1):150. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Robitaille 2008 {published data only}
    1. Robitaille A, Williams SR, Tremblay MH, Guilbert F, Theriault M, Drolet P.Cervical spine motion during tracheal intubation with manual in-line stabilization: direct laryngoscopy versus GlideScope videolaryngoscopy. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2008;106(3):935-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Rovsing 2010 {published data only}
    1. Rovsing L, Sylvestersen J, Skovgaard K, Joergensen D, Marding O, Andersen L.Intubation in morbidly obese patients. A randomised controlled study comparing the GlideScope videolaryngoscope and Macintosh direct laryngoscope. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2010;1:S254. [71788471]
Ruetzler 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ruetzler K, Rivas E, Cohen B, Mosteller L, Martin A, Keebler A, et al.McGrath video laryngoscope versus Macintosh direct laryngoscopy for intubation of morbidly obese patients: a randomized trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2020;131(2):586‐93. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Russell 2012 {published data only}
    1. Russell T, Khan S, Elman J, Katznelson R, Cooper RM.Measurement of forces applied during Macintosh direct laryngoscopy compared with GlideScope videolaryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 2012;67(6):626-31. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Russell 2013 {published data only}
    1. Russell T, Slinger P, Roscoe A, McRae K, Rensburg A.A randomized controlled trial comparing the GlideScope and the Macintosh laryngoscope for double-lumen endobronchial intubation. Anaesthesia 2013;68(12):1253-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Van Rensburg A, Roscoe A, Slinger P, Russel T.Randomised control trial comparing the GlideScope and Macintosh laryngoscope for double lumen endotracheal tube intubation. Applied Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiology 2013;17(2):229.
    1. Van Rensburg AE, Roscoe A, Slinger P, Russell T.Randomised control trial comparing the Glydescope and Macintosh laryngoscope for left sided double lumen endotracheal tube intubation. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2013;116:6. - PubMed
Sandhu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sandhu H, Gombar S, Kapoor D.A comparative evaluation of Glide Scope and Macintosh laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2014;18:S9. [71398576]
Sanguanwit 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sanguanwit P, Yuksen C, Laowattana N.Direct versus video laryngoscopy in emergency intubation: a randomized control trial study. Bulletin of Emergency And Trauma 2021;9(3):118-24. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sansone 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sansone P, Stumbo R, D'Arienzo S, Passavanti MB, Pace MC, Aurilio C.Airtraq laryngoscopes in patients with facial trauma. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:229. [DOI: 10.1097/00003643-201206001-00760] - DOI
Saracoglu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Saracoglu KT, Acarel M, Umuroglu T, Gogus FY.The use of Airtraq laryngoscope versus Macintosh laryngoscope and fiberoptic bronchoscope by experienced anesthesiologists. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2014;22(5):503-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sargin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sargin M, Uluer MS.Comparison of McGrath Series 5 video laryngoscope with Macintosh laryngoscope: a prospective, randomised trial in patients with normal airways. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2016;32(4):869‐74. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sarkilar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sarkilar G, Sargin M, Saritas TB, Borazan H, Gok F, Kilicaslan A, et al.Hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation performed with video and direct laryngoscopy in patients scheduled for major cardiac surgery. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2015;8(7):11477-83. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sbeghen 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sbeghen V, Verdonck O, McDevitt J, Zaphiratos V, Brulotte V, Loubert C, et al.A randomized controlled trial comparing nociception level (NOL) index, blood pressure, and heart rate responses to direct laryngoscopy versus videolaryngoscopy for intubation: the NOLint project. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2021;68(6):855-67. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Serocki 2010 {published data only}
    1. Serocki G, Bein B, Scholz J, Dorges V.Management of the predicted difficult airway: a comparison of conventional blade laryngoscopy with video-assisted blade laryngoscopy and the GlideScope. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2010;27(1):24-30. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Serocki 2013 {published data only}
    1. Serocki G, Neumann T, Scharf E, Dorges V, Cavus E.Indirect videolaryngoscopy with C-MAC D-Blade and GlideScope: a randomized, controlled comparison in patients with suspected difficult airways. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(2):121-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Shah 2016 {published data only}
    1. Shah SB, Bhargava AK, Hariharan U, Mittal AK, Goel N, Choudhary M.A randomized clinical trial comparing the standard Macintosh laryngoscope and the C-Mac D Blade video laryngoscope for double lumen tube insertion for one lung ventilation in onco surgical patients. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2016;60(5):312-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shimazaki 2018 {published data only}
    1. Shimazaki A, Ueshima H, Otake H.Endotrol tracheal tube and McGrath MAC are an effective combination for oral tracheal intubation. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2018;12(1):72-6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shippey 2013 {published data only}
    1. Shippey B, McGuire B, Dalton A.A comparison of the McGrath videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with cervical spine immobilisation. Anaesthesia 2013;68(8):883. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12328] - DOI - PubMed
Shukla 2017 {published data only}
    1. Shukla P, Yadav SS, Jain V, Sharma G, Chourasia HK, Choudhary B.A comparative evaluation of Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes for difficult intubation. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2017;6(72):5098-102.
Siddiqui 2009 {published data only}
    1. Siddiqui N, Katznelson R, Friedman Z.Heart rate/blood pressure response and airway morbidity following tracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy, GlideScope and Trachlight: a randomized control trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(9):740-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Silverberg 2015 {published data only}
    1. Silverberg MJ, Li N, Acquah SO, Kory PD.Comparison of video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy during urgent endotracheal intubation: a randomized controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine 2015;43(3):336-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sulser 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sulser S, Ubmann D, Schlaepfer M, Brueesch M, Goliasch G, Seifert B, et al.C-MAC videolaryngoscope compared with direct laryngoscopy for rapid sequence intubation in an emergency department: a randomised clinical trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016;33(12):943-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sun 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sun DA, Warriner CB, Parsons DG, Klein R, Umedaly HS, Moult M.The GlideScope video laryngoscope: randomized clinical trial in 200 patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2005;94(3):381-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Suzuki 2008 {published data only}
    1. Suzuki A, Toyama Y, Katsumi N, Kunisawa T, Henderson JJ, Iwasaki H.Cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation with the Airway Scope (Pentax-AWS). Journal of Anesthesia 2008;22(1):100-1. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Takenaka 2011 {published data only}
    1. Takenaka I, Aoyama K, Iwagaki T, Kadoya T.Efficacy of the Airway Scope on tracheal intubation in the lateral position: comparison with the Macintosh laryngoscope. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28(3):164-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Taylor 2013 {published data only}
    1. Taylor AM, Peck M, Launcelott S, Hung OR, Law JA, MacQuarrie K, et al.The McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope vs the Macintosh laryngoscope: a randomised, controlled trial in patients with a simulated difficult airway. Anaesthesia 2013;68(2):142-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Tempe 2016 {published data only}
    1. Tempe DK, Chaudhary K, Diwakar A, Datt V, Virmani S, Tomar AS, et al.Comparison of hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation with Truview PCD, McGrath and Macintosh laryngoscope in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized prospective study. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 2016;19(1):68‐75. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Teoh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Teoh WH, Saxena S, Shah MK, Sia AT.Comparison of three videolaryngoscopes: Pentax Airway Scope, C-MAC, GlideScope vs the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 2010;65(11):1126-32. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Thion 2018 {published data only}
    1. Thion LA, Belze O, Fischler M, Le Guen M.Comparison of the ease of tracheal intubation using a McGrath MAC videolaryngoscope and a standard Macintosh laryngoscope in normal airways: a randomised trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2018;35(8):631-3. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Toker 2019 {published data only}
    1. Toker MK, Altiparmak B, Karabay AG.Comparison of the McGrath video laryngoscope and Macintosh direct laryngoscope in obstetric patients: a randomized controlled trial. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2019;35(2):342-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tolon 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tolon MA, Zanaty OM, Shafshak W, Arida EE.Comparative study between the use of Macintosh laryngoscope and Airtraq in patients with cervical spine immobilization. Alexandria Journal of Medicine 2012;48(2):179-85.
Tosh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Tosh P, Kadapamannil D, Rajan S, Narayani N, Kumar L.Effect of C-MAC video laryngoscope-aided intubations using D-Blade on incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2018;12(1):140-4. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Trimmel 2011 {published data only}
    1. Trimmel H, Kreutziger J, Fertsak G, Fitzka R, Dittrich M, Voelckel WG.Use of the Airtraq laryngoscope for emergency intubation in the prehospital setting: a randomized control trial. Critical Care Medicine 2011;39(3):489-93. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Trimmel 2016 {published data only}
    1. Trimmel H, Kreutziger J, Fitzka R, Szuts S, Derdak C, Koch E, et al.Use of the GlideScope Ranger video laryngoscope for emergency intubation in the prehospital setting: a randomized control trial. Critical Care Medicine 2016;44(7):e470-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Tsan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tsan SE, Lim SM, Abidin MF, Ganesh S, Wang CY.Comparison of Macintosh laryngoscopy in bed-up-head-elevated position with GlideScope laryngoscopy: a randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2020;131(1):210-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Turkstra 2005 {published data only}
    1. Turkstra TP, Craen RA, Pelz DM, Gelb AW.Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison during intubation with lighted stylet, GlideScope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005;101(3):910-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Turkstra 2009 {published data only}
    1. Turkstra TP, Pelz DM, Jones PM.Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison of the AirTraq laryngoscope versus the Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesthesiology 2009;111(1):97-101. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Varsha 2019 {published data only}
    1. Varsha AV, George G, Pillai R, Sahajanandan R.Comparative evaluation of hemodynamic responses and ease of intubation with Airtraq video laryngoscope versus Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with ischemic heart disease. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 2019;22(4):365-71. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Verma 2020 {published data only}
    1. Verma I, Verma C, Dhaked S, Sharma R.A randomised comparative interventional prospective study of intubation by Macintosh laryngoscope versus McGrath video laryngoscope in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesia and Critical Care 2020;2:52-65.
Vijayakumar 2016 {published data only}
    1. Vijayakumar V, Rao S, Shetty N.A comparison of Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes for endotracheal intubation in adult patients with cervical spine immobilization using manual in line axial stabilization: a prospective randomized study. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2016;28(4):296-302. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Walker 2009 {published data only}
    1. Walker L, Brampton W, Halai M, Hoy C, Lee E, Scott I, et al.Randomized controlled trial of intubation with the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope by inexperienced anaesthetists. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;103(3):440-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wallace 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wallace CD, Foulds LT, McLeod GA, Younger RA, McGuire BE.A comparison of the ease of tracheal intubation using a McGrath MAC laryngoscope and a standard Macintosh laryngoscope. Anaesthesia 2015;70(11):1281-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wasem 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wasem S, Lazarus M, Hain J, Festl J, Kranke P, Roewer N, et al.Comparison of the Airtraq and the Macintosh laryngoscope for double-lumen tube intubation: a randomised clinical trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30(4):180-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wasinwong 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wasinwong W, Pukdeetanakul V, Kanchanawanitkul O, Sriyannaluk B.Comparison of intubation time with GlideScope and McIntosh laryngoscope in obese patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2017;100(3):306‐12. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wei 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wei W, Tian M.Double-lumen tube intubation using video laryngoscopy causes a milder cardiovascular response compared to classic direct laryngoscopy. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2016;32(1):35-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Woo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Woo CH, Kim SH, Park JY, Bae JY, Kwak IS, Mun SH, et al.Macintosh laryngoscope vs. Pentax-AWS video laryngoscope: comparison of efficacy and cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation in major burn patients. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(2):119-24. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Xue 2007 {published data only}
    1. Xue FS, Zhang GH, Li XY, Sun HT, Li P, Li CW, et al.Comparison of hemodynamic responses to orotracheal intubation with the GlideScope videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh direct laryngoscope. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2007;19(4):245-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yallapragada 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yallapragada SV, Parasa M, Vemuri NN, Shaik MS.Comparison of the ease of tracheal intubation by postgraduate residents of anesthesiology using Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes: an observational study. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):233-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Yao 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yao WL, Wan L, Xu H, Qian W, Wang XR, Tian YK, et al.A comparison of the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope for double-lumen tracheal tube placement in patients with a good glottic view at direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 2015;70(7):810-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yeatts 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hemerka J.Effect of video laryngoscopy on trauma patient survival: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Emergency Medicine 2014;46(3):448.
    1. Yeatts DJ, Dutton RP, Hu PF, Chang YW, Brown CH, Chen H, et al.Effect of video laryngoscopy on trauma patient survival: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 2013;75(2):212-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yoo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Yoo JY, Park SY, Kim JY, Kim M, Haam SJ, Kim DH.Comparison of the McGrath videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope for double lumen endobronchial tube intubation in patients with manual in-line stabilization: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine 2018;97(10):e0081. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Yousef 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yousef GT, Abdalgalil DA, Ibrahim TH.Orotracheal intubation of morbidly obese patients, comparison of GlideScope video laryngoscope and the LMA CTrach with direct laryngoscopy. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2012;6(2):174-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Yumul 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yumul R, Elvir-Lazo OL, White PF, Sloninsky A, Kaplan M, Kariger R, et al.Comparison of three video laryngoscopy devices to direct laryngoscopy for intubating obese patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2016;31:71‐7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Zhao 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhao H, Feng Y, Zhou Y.Teaching tracheal intubation: Airtraq is superior to Macintosh laryngoscope. BMC Medical Education 2014;14:144. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aleksandrowicz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Aleksandrowicz S, Szarpak L.A comparison of GlideScope and Macintosh laryngoscopes for endotracheal intubation performed by nurses. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2016;34(10):2041. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Benhocine 2020 {published data only}
    1. Benhocine Y.Use of video-Airtraq in difficult intubation situation: experience of Tizi-Ouzou University Hospital. Annals of Intensive Care 2020;10 Suppl 1:P048.
Cirilla 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cirilla DJ 2nd, Ngo J, Vaisman V, Daly C, Ata A, Sandison M, et al.Does the incidence of sore throat postoperatively increase with the use of a traditional intubation blade or the GlideScope? Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2015;27(8):646-51. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dorges 2016 {published data only}
    1. Dorges V, Knacke P, Callies A, Janssen S, Cavuss E.Videolaryngoscopy in prehospital emergency intubation: preliminary data of a prospective, randomized, multicentre trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2016;117:105.
Gawlowski 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gawlowski P, Iskrzyck IL.Comparison of Macintosh and AWS Pentax laryngoscope for intubation in cervical immobilization scenario. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2017;35(5):791-92. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Pieters 2018 {published data only}
    1. Pieters BM, Theunissen M, Van Zundert AA.Macintosh Blade videolaryngoscopy combined with rigid Bonfils intubation endoscope offers a suitable alternative for patients with difficult airways. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2018;126(3):988-94. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Raimann 2019 {published data only}
    1. Raimann FJ, Dietze PE, Cuca CE, Meininger D, Kessler P, Byhahn C, et al.Prospective trial to compare direct and indirect laryngoscopy using C-MAC PM R with Macintosh Blade and D-Blade R in a simulated difficult airway. Emergency Medicine International Print 2019;2019:1067473. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Scholtis 2017 {published data only}
    1. Scholtis MP, Stoudt RS, Gavel TR.A randomized, blinded, clinical study of injury incidence during endotracheal intubation: comparison of GlideScope Video Laryngoscopy and direct laryngoscopy. AANA Journal 2017;85(6):445-51. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Stoll 2019 {published data only}
    1. Stoll B, Trottier S, Organti N, O'Brien J.Complications of video versus direct laryngoscopy for intubations in an academic setting. Critical Care Medicine 2019;47(1 Suppl 1):487. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000551765.90373.3a] - DOI
Thomas 2019 {published data only}
    1. Thomas J, Manoharan K.A study of Airtraq optical laryngoscope for intubation in adult surgical patients, a prospective randomized controlled study. Indian journal of Public Health Research and Development 2019;10(11):3901‐5.
Valencia 2016 {published data only}
    1. Valencia JA, Pimienta K, Cohen D, Benitez D, Romero D, Amaya O, et al.A comparison of King Vision video laryngoscopy and direct laryngoscopy as performed by residents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2016;35:571-75. [PMID: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

CTRI/2018/05/014284 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/05/014284.A comparative study in patients with thyroid neck swelling for placing a tube in trachea using two devices that are Macintosh laryngoscope and Airtraq video laryngoscope. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=23785&EncHid=&u... (first received 31 May 2018).
CTRI/2018/07/014986 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/07/014986.A prospective randomized comparative study of Macintosh laryngoscope with USB video laryngoscope in ease of intubation and haemodynamic derangements. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=24779&EncHid=&u... (first received 20 July 2018).
CTRI/2019/04/018521 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/04/018521.A randomized control study to compare CMAC video laryngoscope with Macintosh laryngoscope for insertion of double lumen tube in patients undergoing thoracotomy. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=11884&EncHid=&u... (first received 9 April 2019).
CTRI/2019/09/021358 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/09/021358.Comparative evaluation of ease of orotracheal intubation using two different video laryngoscopes in patients undergoing elective surgeries. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=34833&EncHid=&u... (first received 20 September 2019).
CTRI/2020/07/026587 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/07/026587.Tracheal intubation with manual in line stabilisation in simulated cervical spine patients: a comparison of direct laryngoscope, conventional blade and D Blade of C-MAC video laryngoscope. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=45370&EncHid=&u... (first received 15 July 2020).
CTRI/2020/08/027461 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/08/027461.Comparison of hemodynamic stress response associated with orotracheal intubation using video laryngoscope or Macintosh laryngoscope in controlled hypertensive patients. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=34301&EncHid=&u... (first received 28 August 2020).
DRKS00011542 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00011542.Comparison of the GlideScope videolaryngoscope with the Macintosh laryngsope in patients undergoing a rapid sequence induction. www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DR... (first received 24 January 2017).
NCT00178555 {published data only}
    1. NCT00178555.Comparison of the video and Macintosh laryngoscope in patients who may be difficult to intubate [A comparison of laryngoscopy techniques using the video laryngoscope and the traditional Macintosh laryngoscope in patients who may be difficult to intubate]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT00178555&Search=Search (first received 12 September 2005).
NCT00602979 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00602979.Comparison study in adult surgical patients of 5 airway devices [Prospective, randomized comparison of intubating conditions with Airtraq optical, Storz DCI video, McGRATH video, GlideScope video, & Macintosh laryngoscope in randomly selected elective adult surgical patients]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT00602979&Search=Search (first received 15 January 2008).
NCT00664612 {published data only}
    1. NCT00664612.Comparison of AirTraq laryngoscope to Macintosh laryngoscope for intubation of patients with potential cervical spine injury. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT00664612&Search=Search (first received 18 April 2008).
NCT01029756 {published data only}
    1. NCT01029756.Randomised controlled trial of intubation, comparing Pentax AWS against Macintosh laryngoscope (PAWS) [A randomised controlled trial of intubation by inexperienced anaesthetists, comparing the Pentax Airway Scope AWS-S100 rigid video laryngoscope (Pentax AWS) and the Macintosh laryngoscope]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT01029756&Search=Search (first received 9 December 2009).
NCT01114945 {published data only}
    1. NCT01114945.Comparative effectiveness of intubating devices in the morbidly obese [A prospective study comparing video laryngoscopy devices to direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation of patients undergoing bariatric surgery]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT01114945&Search=Search (first received 23 April 2010).
NCT01516164 {published data only}
    1. NCT01516164.A comparison of the ease of tracheal intubation using a McGrath MAC laryngoscope and a standard MacIntosh laryngoscope. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT01516164&Search=Search (first received 19 January 2012).
NCT02190201 {published data only}
    1. NCT02190201.Comparison of McGrath and Macintosh laryngoscope for DLT intubation [A randomised controlled trial comparing McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope for double lumen tube intubation]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT02190201&Search=Search (first received 10 July 2014).
NCT02564640 {published data only}
    1. NCT02564640.Comparison of hemodynamic changes by using the videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02564640 (first received 1 October 2015).
NCT03089528 {published data only}
    1. NCT03089528.Videolaryngoscopy for intubation in patients with diabetes. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03089528 (first received 24 March 2017).
NCT03256019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03256019.Compare outcomes of CPR between the video-laryngoscopy (VL) users and the direct-laryngoscopy (DL) users. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03256019 (first received 21 August 2017).
NCT03316443 {published data only}
    1. NCT03316443.A comparative study of GlideScope versus Macintosh laryngoscope in adult hypertensive patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03316443 (first received 20 October 2017).
NCT03376828 {published data only}
    1. NCT03376828.The effect of video and traditional laryngoscopy on hemodynamic response in hypertensive and normotensive patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03376828 (first received 19 December 2017).
NCT03470116 {published data only}
    1. NCT03470116.Comparison between the MacGrath MAC videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope for oro-tracheal intubation for patients with less than 2 criteria of difficult intubation in elective surgery. (MILAR). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03470116 (first received 19 March 2018).
NCT03589638 {published data only}
    1. NCT03589638.Effects of C-MAC videolaryngoscope, McGrath Videolaryngoscope and Macintosh direct laryngoscope on intraocular pressure and hemodynamics. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03589638 (first received 18 July 2018).
NCT03647371 {published data only}
    1. NCT03647371.TMHT - difficult intubation prediction using videolaryngoscopy. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03647371 (first received 27 August 2018).
NCT03653910 {published data only}
    1. NCT03653910.Effect-site concentration of remifentanil for double-lumen tubes intubation: Airtraq vs Macintosh laryngoscope. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03653910 (first received 31 August 2018).
NCT03677505 {published data only}
    1. NCT03677505.KoMAC videolaryngoscope for double-lumen intubation. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03677505 (first received 19 September 2018).
NCT03743831 {published data only}
    1. NCT03743831.Comparison of haemodynamic effects during orotracheal intubation, by direct or indirect laryngoscopy with Airtraq. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03743831 (first received 16 November 2018).
NCT04424953 {published data only}
    1. NCT04424953.To compare videolaryngoscope against direct laryngoscope for intubation when powered air purifying respirator is worn. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04424953 (first received 11 June 2020).
TCTR20201209003 {published data only}
    1. TCTR20201209003.Comparison of haemodynamic response during tracheal intubation between C-MAC videolaryngoscope and conventional direct laryngoscopes in normotensive patients:a randomized controlled study. www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20201209003 (first received 9 December 2020).

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR1900025553 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900025553.To compare the clinical effect of endotracheal intubation with Macintosh laryngoscope, Disposcope endoscope and video laryngoscopy. www.chictr.org.cn/com/25/showprojen.aspx?proj=40724 (first received 01 September 2019).
ChiCTR1900025718 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900025718.A randommized, prospective, controlled trial of Glidscope, C-MAC (D) videolaryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope for double lumen endotracheal intubation in patients with predicted normal airways. www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.aspx?id=19417 (first received 19 April 2016).
ChiCTR2000030232 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030232.Study for orotracheal double-lumen endotrachea intubation in patients with a Mallampati score of IlI or 1V: is UE video laryngoscope really better than Macintosh laryngoscope? www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.aspx?id=40644 (first received 12 May 2020).
ChiCTR‐IOR‐15007535 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IOR-15007535.Postoperative sore throat after laryngoscopy with Macintosh or Tosight video laryngoscope blade in normal airway patients. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=12523 (first received 19 November 2015).
CTRI/2015/02/005589 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2015/02/005589.Compare between McGrath videolaryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope for putting the tube into windpipe through nose in patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancers. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=11040&EncHid=&u... (first received 26 February 2015).
CTRI/2017/02/007809 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/02/007809.Comparison of intubation in lateral position with simple laryngoscope versus video laryngoscope. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=17600&EncHid=&u... (first received 08 February 2017).
CTRI/2017/03/008092 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/03/008092.Comparison of video laryngoscope and conventional laryngoscopes for tracheal intubation using cervical collar. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=14887&EncHid=&u... (first received 15 March 2017).
CTRI/2017/09/009656 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/09/009656.To compare the ease of insertion of a special breathing tube called double lumen tube using laryngoscope with a video relay or a classic non video laryngoscope for the purpose of general anaesthesia to facilitate lung surgeries. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=18907&EncHid=&u... (first received 05 September 2017).
CTRI/2017/09/009810 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/09/009810.Comparing the efficacy of C-MAC C-blade videolaryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with predicted difficult airways. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=19844&EncHid=&u... (first received 18 September 2017).
CTRI/2018/01/011446 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/01/011446.Comparison of Airtraq video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in adults . ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=21636&EncHid=&u... (first received 19 January 2018).
CTRI/2018/02/012236 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/02/012236.Comparing how much vocal cord can be seen while videolaryngoscopy during general anaesthesia through direct and indirect method. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=23451&EncHid=&u... (first received 28 February 2018).
CTRI/2018/04/012941 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/04/012941.Comparison of two types of laryngoscopes in patients undergoing tracheal intubation with neutral head and neck position under general anaesthesia. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=23912&EncHid=&u... (first received 03 April 2018).
CTRI/2018/04/013212 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/04/013212.Comparison of two different laryngoscopes for tracheal intubation with head and neck in neutral position under general anaesthesia. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=24283&EncHid=&u... (first received 12 April 2018).
CTRI/2018/05/013771 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/05/013771.Compare two instruments used to visualise the windpipe and then put a tube through the windpipe in patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancers. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=25724&EncHid=&u... (first received 08 May 2018).
CTRI/2018/05/014150 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/05/014150.Comparison of conventional laryngoscope with video laryngoscope. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=23615&EncHid=&u... (first received 25 May 2018).
CTRI/2018/10/015874 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/10/015874.Comparison of intubation conditions between three different types of laryngoscopes during rapid sequence induction intubation. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=26765&EncHid=&u... (first received 01 October 2018).
CTRI/2018/10/016006 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/10/016006.Comparison of intubating devices in adult patients (Tuoren video laryngoscope, Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscope). ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=28246&EncHid=&u... (first received 12 October 2018).
CTRI/2019/05/019391 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/05/019391.Comparison of Kingvision & Truview videolaryngoscopes with direct laryngoscope. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=32815&EncHid=&u... (first received 28 May 2019).
CTRI/2019/06/019526 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/06/019526.Comparison of videolaryngoscopy and direct laryngoscopy for intubation in emergency surgeries. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=30916&EncHid=&u... (first received 04 June 2019).
CTRI/2019/11/021953 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/11/021953.Comparison of three devices used for placement of tube into the trachea for delivering of oxygen or anaesthesia to the lungs. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=37836&EncHid=&u... (first received 11 November 2019).
CTRI/2019/12/022303 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/12/022303.Comparison of videolaryngoscope with normal laryngoscope for intubation in clinically normal population. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=38174&EncHid=&u... (first received 11 December 2019).
CTRI/2020/02/023154 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/02/023154.Comparison of direct laryngoscopy and video laryngoscopy using C-MAC for glottic visualization. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=40490&EncHid=&u... (first received 6 February 2020).
CTRI/2020/04/024885 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/04/024885.Comparative evaluation of Intubation Difficulty Score using C-MAC video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in obese during general anesthesia. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=42861&EncHid=&u... (first received 28 April 2020).
CTRI/2020/04/024897 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/04/024897.Comparative evaluation of King Vision video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope for anticipated difficult endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=42287&EncHid=&u... (first received 28 April 2020).
CTRI/2020/05/024960 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/05/024960.Direct vs McGrath videolaryngoscope for tracheal intubation in trauma resuscitation bay - a randomized control trial . ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=41837&EncHid=&u... (first received 1 May 2020).
CTRI/2020/06/025642 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/06/025642.Comparative study of hemodynamic response during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation with MacIntosh, MacCoy and King Vision video laryngoscope in controlled hypertensive patients. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=38507&EncHid=&u... (first received 5 June 2020).
CTRI/2020/08/027190 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/08/027190.A clinical trial to study and compare the distance between the mouth of the laryngoscopist and the patient using a CMAC videolaryngoscope and a direct laryngoscope. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=46297&EncHid=&u... (first received 17 August 2020).
CTRI/2020/09/028011 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/09/028011.Comparison of C-MAC video-laryngoscope with D-Blade, C-MAC video-laryngoscope with standard blade, and Macintosh laryngoscopes for intubation with cervical spine immobilization: a randomized study. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=22301&EncHid=&u... (first received 24 September 2020).
CTRI/2020/11/029369 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/11/029369.A comparative study of haemodynamic response following laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation with direct laryngoscope versus video laryngoscope intubation in patients undergoing general anaesthesia. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=49021&EncHid=&u... (first received 25 November 2020).
CTRI/2021/01/030476 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2021/01/030476.A prospective randomized study to compare and evaluate the haemodynamic derangements using screen video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope as intubating devices in adult patients. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=24906&EncHid=&u... (first received 14 January 2021).
IRCT2016062728668N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016062728668N1.Comparison of the intubation success rate in video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy in patients with Philadelphia collar. www.irct.ir/trial/23200 (first received 23 August 2016).
IRCT2016102718063N4 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016102718063N4.Comparing hemodynamic effects of conventional laryngoscope versus video laryngoscope in surgeries of Imam Reza hospital of Birjand in 2015. en.irct.ir/trial/16487?revision=16487 (first received 11 July 2016).
IRCT20190614043888N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190614043888N1.Comparative study of complications during and after intubation in patients undergoing surgery by direct and video laryngoscopy in Fatemi hospital in 1397 and 1398. en.irct.ir/trial/40263 (first received 8 November 2019).
NCT03271008 {published data only}
    1. NCT03271008.Comparison of the Vividtrac™ and other videolaryngoscopes in clinical practice. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03271008 (first received 1 September 2017).
NCT03516539 {published data only}
    1. NCT03516539.McGrath videolaryngoscope versus Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with manual in-line stabilization. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03516539 (first received 4 May 2018).
NCT03613103 {published data only}
    1. NCT03613103.Airway injuries after intubation using videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adult patients requiring tracheal intubation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03613103 (first received 2 August 2018).
NCT03710096 {published data only}
    1. NCT03710096.Comparison of McGrath and Macintosh laryngoscopes for insertion of a double lumen tube by residents (MacGrathDES). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03710096 (first received 17 October 2018).
NCT03887897 {published data only}
    1. NCT03887897.First attempt intubation rate with Airtraq vs Macintosh direct laryngoscope (FAIRAiM). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03887897 (first received 25 March 2019).
NCT04185675 {published data only}
    1. NCT04185675.Comparison of two types of videolaryngoscope and direct laryngoscope in expected non-difficult airway patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04185675 (first received 4 December 2019).
NCT04386356 {published data only}
    1. NCT04386356.A comparative study of Airtraq versus Macintosh laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation by first year resident. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04386356 (first received 13 May 2020).
NCT04433884 {published data only}
    1. NCT04433884.Evaluation of hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation using conventional laryngoscope versus C-MAC video laryngoscope in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04433884 (first received 16 June 2020).
NCT04701762 {published data only}
    1. NCT04701762.Endotracheal intubation using videolaryngoscopy versus conventional direct laryngoscopy: a randomized multiple cross-over cluster trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04701762 (first received 8 January 2020).
NCT04794764 {published data only}
    1. NCT04794764.Videolaryngoscopy compared to direct laryngoscopy. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04794764 (first received 12 March 2021).
PACTR201802003065126 {published data only}
    1. PACTR201802003065126.Alternative airways challenges to difficult intubation scenario in well controlled hypertensive adult patients with vocal cord polyp.comparison between Airtraq, King Vision video laryngoscope, and the Macintosh laryngoscope. A prospective randomized study. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=PACTR201802003065126 (first received 8 February 2018).
PACTR202010891239155 {published data only}
    1. PACTR202010891239155.Hemodynamic response to oro-tracheal intubation in elderly patients: direct laryngoscopy using Macintosh blades versus McGrath® video-laryngoscopy - a randomized clinical trial. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=13458 (first received 29 October 2020).
RBR‐92PM68 {published data only}
    1. RBR-92PM68.Direct laryngoscopy or videolaryngoscopy intubation in patients without difficult airway predictors. Randomized trial in teaching and training center. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-92pm68 (first received 29 April 2020).

Additional references

Abdelgadir 2017
    1. Abdelgadir IS, Phillips RS, Singh D, Moncreiff MP, Lumsden JL.Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 5. Art. No: CD011413. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011413.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Adams 2000
    1. Adams JP, Murphy PG.Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;85(1):91-108. - PubMed
Adnet 1997
    1. Adnet F, Borron SW, Racine SX, Clemessy JL, Fournier JL, Plaisance P, et al.The Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS): proposal and evaluation of a new score characterizing the complexity of endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1997;87:1290–7. [DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199712000-00005] - DOI - PubMed
Ahmad 2019
    1. Ahmad I, Onwochei DN, Muldoon S, Keane O, El-Boghdadly K.Airway management research: a systematic review. Anaesthesia 2019;74:225-36. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14471] - DOI - PubMed
Alsumali 2018
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