Understanding Associations Between Race/Ethnicity, Experiences of Discrimination, and Psychotic-like Experiences in Middle Childhood

Abstract

Objective: The present study aimed to examine factors that may account for race/ethnicity differences in psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in a middle childhood sample, including evidence for experiences of discrimination as a psychosocial mediator of these differences.

Method: In a sample of 9- to 10-year-olds (N = 10,839) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, we compared PLEs across racial/ethnic groups. We also examined whether experiences of discrimination indirectly linked racial/ethnic identity and PLEs and whether social support moderated this indirect association.

Results: Differences between racial/ethnic groups were found in the endorsement of PLEs, such that Black and Hispanic participants endorsed higher levels of PLEs compared with Asian, multiracial/multiethnic, and White participants. These differences were accounted for in part by experiences of discrimination, an indirect effect that was in turn attenuated by increased social support.

Conclusion: This is the first study to suggest that the experience of discrimination may indirectly link the association between racial/ethnic differences and endorsement of PLEs using the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version and additionally that social support may act as a moderator of this mediation. Results provide evidence that social inequities such as racial discrimination may contribute to increases in PLEs. These findings shed further light on the links between structural racism and mental health inequities for people in minoritized groups.

Keywords: ABCD Study; ethnicity; experiences of discrimination; psychotic-like experiences; race.

Figure 1.. Overall Summary of Group Comparisons and Mediation Models

Note: (A) Overall summary depicting Z statistics for false discovery rate (FDR)–corrected group comparisons comparing every race/ethnicity category for distressing psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and experiences of discrimination. For race/ethnicity group comparisons that survived FDR correction (ie, FDR-corrected p < .05), the marker is outlined in black. (B) Depiction of a series of mediation models examining evidence for experiences of discrimination mediating the association between each individual race/ethnicity comparison with distressing PLEs. Each mediation model depicted includes unstandardized regression coefficients. A = Asian; B = Black; H = Hispanic; M/M = multiracial/multiethnic; W = White.