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Review
. 2022 Mar;46(2):239-256.
doi: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0013. Epub 2022 Mar 24.

Links between Thyroid Disorders and Glucose Homeostasis

Young Sil Eom  1 , Jessica R Wilson  2 , Victor J Bernet  2
Affiliations
Review

Links between Thyroid Disorders and Glucose Homeostasis

Young Sil Eom et al. Diabetes Metab J. 2022 Mar.

Abstract

Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus often coexist and are closely related. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus and vice versa. Thyroid hormone affects glucose homeostasis by impacting pancreatic β-cell development and glucose metabolism through several organs such as the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and the central nervous system. The present review discusses the effect of thyroid hormone on glucose homeostasis. We also review the relationship between thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, as well as guidelines for screening thyroid function with each disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of the effects of antidiabetic drugs on thyroid hormone and thyroid disorders.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Glucose; Homeostasis; Thyroid diseases; Thyroid hormones.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Maintenance of blood glucose levels by insulin and glucagon in fed and fasting states.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Effects of thyroid hormone on glucose metabolism. GLUT4, glucose transporter type 4; PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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