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. 2022 Mar 28:2022:9080396.
doi: 10.1155/2022/9080396. eCollection 2022.

CRISPR-Cas System: An Adaptive Immune System's Association with Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis

Muhammad Zulqarnain Haider  1 , Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir  1 , Tahir Yaqub  1 , Adeel Sattar  2 , Muhammad Kashif Maan  3 , Sammina Mahmood  4 , Tahir Mehmood  5 , Hassaan Bin Aslam  1
Affiliations

CRISPR-Cas System: An Adaptive Immune System's Association with Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis

Muhammad Zulqarnain Haider et al. Biomed Res Int. .

Retraction in

Abstract

Several factors are involved in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pose a serious threat to public health safety. Among them, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat- (CRISPR-) Cas system, an adaptive immune system, is thought to be involved in the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The current study was aimed at determining not only the presence of antibiotic resistance and CRISPR-Cas system but also their association with each other in Salmonella enteritidis isolated from the commercial poultry. A total of 139 samples were collected from poultry birds sold at the live bird markets of Lahore City, and both phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to determine antimicrobial resistance. The presence of the CRISPR-Cas system was determined by PCR, followed by sequencing. All isolates of S. enteritidis (100%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, whereas 95% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Five multidrug-resistant isolates (MDR) such as S. enteritidis isolate (S. E1, S. E2, S. E4, S. E5, and S. E8) were found in the present study. The CRISPR-Cas system was detected in all of these MDR isolates, and eight spacers were detected within the CRISPR array. In addition, an increased expression of CRISPR-related genes was observed in the standard strain and MDR S. enteritidis isolates. The association of the CRISPSR-Cas system with multiple drug resistance highlights the exogenous acquisition of genes by horizontal transfer. The information could be used further to combat antibiotic resistance in pathogens like Salmonella.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Identification of Salmonella isolates: presence of the (a) invA gene and (b) IE gene by PCR to identify the Salmonella genus and S. enteritidis species. L indicates the 100-base pair (bp) ladder. The numeric characters represent the sequential number of S. enteritidis of isolates.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Detection of antibiotic resistance genes: presence of the (a) gyrA gene, (b) tetB gene, and (c) blaTEM-1 gene by PCR for the detection of drug resistance in S. enteritidis species. L indicates the 100-base pair (bp) ladder. The numeric characters represent the sequential number of S. enteritidis of isolates.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Detection of the CRISPR-Cas system: presence of the (a) cas1 gene, (b) cas2 gene, and (c) cas3 gene by PCR for the detection of the CRISPR-Cas system in S. enteritidis species. L indicates the 100-base pair (bp) ladder. The numeric characters represent the sequential number of S. enteritidis of isolates.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat- (CRISPR-) Cas gene (cas3) expression in S. enteritidis and Salmonella ATCC13076 under the exposure of different antibiotics.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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