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Review
. 2022 Apr 1;28(2):428-456.
doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001087.

Seizures and Epilepsy in Childhood

Maria Gogou, Judith Helen Cross
Review

Seizures and Epilepsy in Childhood

Maria Gogou et al. Continuum (Minneap Minn). .

Abstract

Purpose of review: This article highlights basic concepts of seizures and epilepsy in pediatric patients, as well as basic treatment principles for this age group.

Recent findings: Epilepsy is the most common neurologic disorder in childhood. Accurate diagnosis is key; in older children, epileptic seizures need to be differentiated from various paroxysmal nonepileptic events, whereas in neonates, the majority of seizures are subclinical (electroencephalographic). Antiseizure medications remain the first-line treatment, but ketogenic diet and epilepsy surgery have also shown positive outcomes and can decrease drug burden. Genetic causes account for approximately 30% of cases, and the recognition of electroclinical syndromes is being replaced by the concept of genetic spectrums. Precision medicine therapies are promising, but wide application in daily practice still has a long way to go. Early access to specialist centers and optimal treatments positively affects prognosis and future neurodevelopment.

Summary: Although novel findings from all fields of research are being incorporated into everyday clinical practice, a better quality of life for children with seizures and epilepsy and their families is the ultimate priority.

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