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. 2022 Apr 8;12(1):5980.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10014-4.

The burden and trend of gastric cancer and possible risk factors in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019

Fei-Long Ning #  1 , Jun Lyu #  2 , Jun-Peng Pei #  3 , Wan-Jie Gu  4 , Nan-Nan Zhang  5 , Shi-Yi Cao  6 , Yong-Ji Zeng  7 , Masanobu Abe  8 , Kazuhiro Nishiyama  9 , Chun-Dong Zhang  10
Affiliations

The burden and trend of gastric cancer and possible risk factors in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019

Fei-Long Ning et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The burdens and trends of gastric cancer are poorly understood, especially in high-prevalence countries. Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we analyzed the incidence, death, and possible risk factors of gastric cancer in five Asian countries, in relation to year, age, sex, and sociodemographic index. The annual percentage change was calculated to estimate the trends in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized death rate (ASDR). The highest ASIR per 100,000 person-years in 2019 was in Mongolia [44 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 34 to 55)], while the lowest was in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) [23 (95% UI, 19 to 29)]. The highest ASDR per 100,000 person-years was in Mongolia [46 (95% UI, 37 to 57)], while the lowest was in Japan [14 (95% UI, 12 to 15)]. Despite the increase in the absolute number of cases and deaths from 1990 to 2019, the ASIRs and ASDRs in all five countries decreased with time and improved sociodemographic index but increased with age. Smoking and a high-sodium diet were two possible risk factors for gastric cancer. In 2019, the proportion of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking was highest in Japan [23% (95% UI, 19 to 28%)], and the proportions attributable to a high-sodium diet were highest in China [8.8% (95% UI, 0.21 to 33%)], DPRK, and the Republic of Korea. There are substantial variations in the incidence and death of gastric cancer in the five studied Asian countries. This study may be crucial in helping policymakers to make better decisions and allocate appropriate resources.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The ASIRs (a) and ASDRs (b) of gastric cancer worldwide and in five Asian countries in 2019 according to sex. ASDR, age-standardized death rate. ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate. Error bars indicate 95% uncertainty intervals.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percentage changes in ASIR (a) and ASDR (b) of gastric cancer worldwide and in five Asian countries between 1990 and 2019 according to sex. ASDR, age-standardized death rate. ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate. Error bars indicate 95% uncertainty intervals.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Time trends of ASIRs (a) and ASDRs (b) of gastric cancer worldwide and in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019. ASDR, age-standardized death rate. ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Estimates of APCs in ASIRs (a) and ASDRs (b) of gastric cancer worldwide and in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019. ASDR, age-standardized death rate. ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate. DPRK, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. APC, estimated annual percentage change. Data estimated with 95% confidence intervals. *Trends between joinpoints significantly different from zero (P < 0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
ASIRs (a) and ASDRs (b) of gastric cancer worldwide and in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019 according to SDI. ASDR, age-standardized death rate. ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate. DPRK, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. SDI, sociodemographic index.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Trends of gastric cancer age-standardized DALYs attributable to smoking (a) and a high-sodium diet (b) from 1990 to 2019 according to sex. Proportions of age-standardized DALYs of gastric cancer attributable to smoking (c) and a high-sodium diet (d) worldwide and in five Asian countries in 2019. DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years. DPRK, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
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