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. 2022 Apr 9;12(1):5993.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10010-8.

Red-seaweed biostimulants differentially alleviate the impact of fungicidal stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Sahana N Banakar  1 , M K PrasannaKumar  2 , H B Mahesh  3 , P Buela Parivallal  1 , M E Puneeth  1 , Chirag Gautam  4 , D Pramesh  5 , T N Shiva Kumara  1 , T R Girish  6 , Sailaja Nori  6 , Shrikumar Surya Narayan  6
Affiliations

Red-seaweed biostimulants differentially alleviate the impact of fungicidal stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Sahana N Banakar et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Red seaweed-derived biostimulants facilitate plant health and impart protection against abiotic stress conditions by their bioactive compounds and plant nutrients. The potency of red seaweed biostimulants (LBS6 and LBD1) on rice cv. IR-64 in response to fungicides induced stress was investigated in this study. Foliar application of LBS6 maintained the stomatal opening and leaf temperature under the fungicidal stress condition. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals were significantly reduced in LBS6-treated stressed plants. After applying seaweed biostimulants, ROS production was stabilized by antioxidants viz., CAT, APX, SOD, POD, and GR. LBS-6 application increased the Ca+ and K+ levels in the stressed plants, which perhaps interacted with ROS and stomatal opening signalling systems, respectively. In the rice plants, fungicidal stress elevated the expression of stress-responsive transcriptional factors (E2F, HSFA2A, HSFB2B, HSFB4C, HSFC1A, and ZIP12). A decline in the transcript levels of stress-responsive genes was recorded in seaweed treated plants. For the first time, we present an integrative investigation of physicochemical and molecular components to describe the mechanism by which seaweed biostimulants in rice improve plant health under fungicidal stress conditions.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of fungicidal stress on stomatal closure (A) stomatal response to different treatments at 4 h after the spray (T1: Tricyclazole, T2: Carbendazim, T3: LBS6 and T4: LBD1). (B) Bar graph showing the percent stomatal closure in different treatments across the intervals (Legends: T1: Tricyclazole, T2: Carbendazim, T3: LBS6, T4: LBD1, T5: Tricyclazole + LBS6, T6: Tricyclazole + LBD1, T7: Carbendazim + LBS6, T8: Carbendazim + LBD1, T9: Control).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Influence of fungicidal stress on leaf temperature (A) Thermographic images of fungicide stressed and control rice plants with different treatments at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 24 HAS. Colour code of measured temperature is included (a) T1: tricyclazole, (b) T2: carbendazim, (c) T5: tricyclazole + LBS6, (d) T6: tricyclazole + LBD1, (e) T7: carbendazim + LBS6, (f) T8: carbendazim + LBD1, (g) T9: control. (B) Estimation of leaf temperature in different treatments (Legends: T1: Tricyclazole, T2: Carbendazim, T3: LBS6, T4: LBD1, T5: Tricyclazole + LBS6, T6: Tricyclazole + LBD1, T7: Carbendazim + LBS6, T8: Carbendazim + LBD1, T9: Control).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of fungicides on production of hydrogen peroxide (A) In vivo localisation of hydrogen peroxide at different interval in response to fungicidal stress (a) T1: tricyclazole, (b) T2: carbendazim, (c) T5: tricyclazole + LBS6, (d) T6: tricyclazole + LBD1, (e) T7: carbendazim + LBS6, (f) T8: carbendazim + LBD1, (g) T9: control. (B) Estimation of hydrogen peroxide at different intervals (Legends: T1: Tricyclazole, T2: Carbendazim, T3: LBS6, T4: LBD1, T5: Tricyclazole + LBS6, T6: Tricyclazole + LBD1, T7: Carbendazim + LBS6, T8: Carbendazim + LBD1, T9: Control).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of fungicides on production of super oxide radicals (A) In vivo localisation of super oxide radicals at different interval in response to fungicidal stress (a) T1: tricyclazole, (b) T2: carbendazim, (c) T5: tricyclazole + LBS6, (d) T6: tricyclazole + LBD1, (e) T7: carbendazim + LBS6, (f) T8: carbendazim + LBD1, (g) T9: control. (B) Estimation of super oxide radicals at different intervals (Legends: T1: Tricyclazole, T2: Carbendazim, T3: LBS6, T4: LBD1, T5: Tricyclazole + LBS6, T6: Tricyclazole + LBD1, T7: Carbendazim + LBS6, T8: Carbendazim + LBD1, T9: Control).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of fungicides and seaweed biostimulants on activity of (A) CAT (B) APX (C) SOD (D) POD and (E) GR (T1: Tricyclazole, T2: Carbendazim, T3: LBS6, T4: LBD1, T5: Tricyclazole + LBS6, T6: Tricyclazole + LBD1, T7: Carbendazim + LBS6, T8: Carbendazim + LBD1, T9: Control).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of different treatments on (A) calcium and (B) potassium content in rice leaves (T1: Tricyclazole, T2: Carbendazim, T3: LBS6, T4: LBD1, T5: Tricyclazole + LBS6, T6: Tricyclazole + LBD1, T7: Carbendazim + LBS6, T8: Carbendazim + LBD1, T9: Control).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Response of (A) APX, (B) E2F, (C) HSFA2A, (D) HSFB2B, (E) HSFB4C, (F) HSFC1A and (G) OsZIP-12 to fungicidal stress in different treatments (T1: Tricyclazole, T2:Carbendazim, T3:Tricyclazole + LBS6, T4:Carbendazim + LBS6 and T5:LBS6, T6: Water Control).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic representation depicting the mechanism of red seaweed biostimulants in imparting fungicidal stress tolerance.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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