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Review
. 2022 Mar 24:13:865590.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.865590. eCollection 2022.

Advances and Challenges in Intranasal Delivery of Antipsychotic Agents Targeting the Central Nervous System

Manisha Pandey  1 , Neha Jain  2 , Jovita Kanoujia  3 , Zahid Hussain  4 , Bapi Gorain  5
Affiliations
Review

Advances and Challenges in Intranasal Delivery of Antipsychotic Agents Targeting the Central Nervous System

Manisha Pandey et al. Front Pharmacol. .

Abstract

Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders is challenging using conventional delivery strategies and routes of administration because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This BBB restricts the permeation of most of the therapeutics targeting the brain because of its impervious characteristics. Thus, the challenges of delivering the therapeutic agents across the BBB to the brain overcoming the issue of insufficient entry of neurotherapeutics require immediate attention for recovering from the issues by the use of modern platforms of drug delivery and novel routes of administration. Therefore, the advancement of drug delivery tools and delivering these tools using the intranasal route of drug administration have shown the potential of circumventing the BBB, thereby delivering the therapeutics to the brain at a significant concentration with minimal exposure to systemic circulation. These novel strategies could lead to improved efficacy of antipsychotic agents using several advanced drug delivery tools while delivered via the intranasal route. This review emphasized the present challenges of delivering the neurotherapeutics to the brain using conventional routes of administration and overcoming the issues by exploring the intranasal route of drug administration to deliver the therapeutics circumventing the biological barrier of the brain. An overview of different problems with corresponding solutions in administering therapeutics via the intranasal route with special emphasis on advanced drug delivery systems targeting to deliver CNS therapeutics has been focused. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical advancements on the delivery of antipsychotics using this intranasal route have also been emphasized.

Keywords: antipsychotic agents; blood–brain barrier; brain transport; improved efficacy; intranasal administration; nanocarriers.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Association of different cells at the blood–brain barrier (Abbott et al., 2010).
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Mechanism of drug delivery via the intranasal route of administration.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Various advanced drug delivery tools for nose-to-brain targeting of neurotherapeutics.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Histopathological assessment of nasal mucosa condition after 2 h exposure of (A) iso-propyl alcohol (positive control), (B) simulated nasal fluid (pH 6.4) (negative control), (C) asenapine mucoadhesive nanoemulsion, (D) asenapine nanoemulsion, and (E) blank mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (Kumbhar et al., 2020).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Mean (A) blood, (B) brain concentration-time curve for amisulpride nanogel (AMS-NG) (intranasal), amisulpride nanoemulsion (AMS-NE) (intranasal), and AMS-NE (intravenous) (Gadhave et al., 2021).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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