Anti-Inflammatory Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh-A Pharmacological Evaluation

Abstract

Inflammatory diseases are considered major threats to human health worldwide. In Bangladesh, a number of medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine from time immemorial in the treatment of diverse diseases, including inflammatory disorders. This assignment aims at providing the status of the medicinal plants of Bangladesh which are traditionally used in the management of inflammatory disorders and are investigated for their anti-inflammatory prospects using different preclinical studies and future research directions. The information of medicinal plants assembled in this review was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect up to December, 2020 from publications on plants investigated for their anti-inflammatory activities, in which the place of plant sample collection was identified as Bangladesh. Keywords for primary searches were "anti-inflammatory," "Bangladeshi," and "medicinal plants." Criteria followed to include plant species were plants that showed significant anti-inflammatory activities in 1) two or more sets of experiments in a single report, 2) same or different sets of experiments in two or more reports, and, 3) plants which are traditionally used in the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders. In this study, 48 species of medicinal plants have been reviewed which have been used in traditional healing practices to manage inflammatory disorders in Bangladesh. The mechanistic pathways of the in vivo and in vitro study models used for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory properties of plant samples have been discussed. Selected plants were described in further detail for their habitat, anti-inflammatory studies conducted in countries other than Bangladesh, and anti-inflammatory active constituents isolated from these plants if any. Medicinal plants of Bangladesh have immense significance for anti-inflammatory activity and have potential to contribute toward the discovery and development of novel therapeutic approaches to combat diseases associated with inflammation. However, the plants reviewed in this article had chiefly undergone preliminary screening and require substantial investigations including identification of active molecules, understanding the mechanism of action, and evaluation for safety and efficacy to be followed by the formulation of safe and effective drug products.

Keywords: Bangladeshi; inflammation; medicinal plants; preclinical study; traditional.

FIGURE 1

Proposed action mechanism of anti-inflammatory molecules (aim) of plant origin with examples. The specific pathways shown represent only a few of the plenty of diverse pathways involved in the inflammatory process.

FIGURE 2

Plants with anti-inflammatory activity, namely, A. indica, C. infortunatum, C. asiaticum, G. pentaphylla, H. indicum, M. paniculata, P. retrofractum, S. villosa, and T. trilobatum were obtained from Wikimedia Commons under GNU free documentation license (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License), whereas P. reticulatus was obtained from the web page “Flora of Bangladesh,” from the Survey of Vascular Flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts Project, Bangladesh National Herbarium (http://bnh-flora.gov.bd), Ministry of Environment & Forest, People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

FIGURE 3

Anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from A. indica.

FIGURE 4

Anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from C. infortunatum.

FIGURE 5

Anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from C. asiaticum.

FIGURE 6

Anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from G. pentaphylla.

FIGURE 7

Anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from M. paniculata.

FIGURE 8

Anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from S. villosa.