Application of nanomaterials in proteomics-driven precision medicine

Abstract

Nanostructured devices and nanoparticles have fundamentally reshaped the development of precision healthcare in recent decades. Meanwhile, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has evolved from simple protein sequencing to a powerful approach that identifies disease patterns and signatures, reveals molecular mechanisms of pathological processes, and develops therapeutic or preventive drugs. Significantly, the two distinct disciplines have synergized and expanded our knowledge about human health and disease, as evidenced by a variety of nanotechnology-assisted sample processing strategies, facilitating in-depth proteome profiling and post-translational modifications (PTMs) characterization. This review summarizes recent advances in nanoparticle design for better enrichment of marker proteins and their PTMs from various bio-specimens and emerging nanotechnologies that are applied to MS-based proteomics for precision medicine discovery.

Keywords: Nanoparticle; biomarkers; mass spectrometry; nanotechnology; post- translational modifications; proteomics.

Figure 1

An overview of application of nanomaterials in proteomics-driven precision medicine (PDPM).

Figure 2

Nanotechnologies for enriching phosphopeptides. (A, B) Principle and example of phosphopeptides enrichment by Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) method. (C, D) Principle and example of phosphopeptides enrichment by metal oxide affinity chromatography (MOAC) method. Adapted with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society.]

Figure 3

Nanotechnologies for enriching glycoproteins. (A, B) Principle and example of glycoproteins enrichment by boric acid functionalized materials. Adapted with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society.] (C) Aldhyde-based covalent bond formation assisted enrichment methods. a) Amine-functionalized nanoparticles. [Adapted with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society]. b) Hydrazide Chemistry. [Adapted with permission from Ref. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society] c) Oxime Click Chemistry. [Adapted with permission from Ref.. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society]

Figure 4

Principle and example of using nanoparticle protein corona in protein biomarker discovery. Adapted with permission from Ref. Copyright 2020 Spring Nature.