GC/MS Profiling, Anti-Collagenase, Anti-Elastase, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Hyaluronidase Activities of a Stenocarpus sinuatus Leaves Extract

Abstract

Today, skin care products and cosmetic preparations containing natural ingredients are widely preferred by consumers. Therefore, many cosmetic brands are encouraged to offer more natural products to the market, such as plant extracts that can be used for their antiaging, antiwrinkle, and depigmentation properties and other cosmetic purposes. In the current study, the volatile constituents of the hexane-soluble fraction of a Stenocarpus sinuatus (family Proteaceae) leaf methanol extract (SSHF) were analyzed using GC/MS analysis. Moreover, the antiaging activity of SSHF was evaluated through in vitro studies of anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities. In addition, an in silico docking study was carried out to identify the interaction mechanisms of the major compounds in SSHF with the active sites of the target enzymes. Furthermore, an in silico toxicity study of the identified compounds in SSHF was performed. It was revealed that vitamin E (α-tocopherol) was the major constituent of SSHF, representing 52.59% of the extract, followed by γ-sitosterol (8.65%), neophytadiene (8.19%), β-tocopherol (6.07%), and others. The in vitro studies showed a significant inhibition by SSHF of collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase, and hyaluronidase, with IC₅₀ values of 60.03, 177.5, 67.5, and 38.8 µg/mL, respectively, comparable to those of the positive controls epigallocatechin gallate (ECGC, for collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase) and kojic acid (for tyrosinase). Additionally, the molecular docking study revealed good acceptable binding scores of the four major compounds, comparable to those of ECGC and kojic acid. Besides, the SSHF identified phytoconstituents showed no predicted potential toxicity nor skin toxicity, as determined in silico. In conclusion, the antiaging potential of SSHF may be attributed to its high content of vitamin E in addition to the synergetic effect of other volatile constituents. Thus, SSHF could be incorporated in pharmaceutical skin care products and cosmetics after further studies.

Keywords: GC/MS; Stenocarpus sinuatus; anti-collagenase; anti-elastase; anti-hyaluronidase; anti-tyrosinase; antiaging.

Figure 1

GC/MS chromatogram of Stenocarpus sinuatus hexane-soluble fraction.

Figure 2

Major constituents of Stenocarpus sinuatus hexane-soluble fraction.

Figure 3

(A) Dose–response curve of SSHF inhibition of hyaluronidase, (B) collagenase, (C) tyrosinase, (D) elastase activity. All determinations were carried out in triplicate, and the values are expressed as mean ± SD.

Figure 4

2D binding modes of α-tocopherol (A), β-tocopherol (B), neophytadiene (C), γ-sitosterol (D), and EGCG (E) to the active binding sites of collagenase.

Figure 5

2D binding modes of α-tocopherol (A), β-tocopherol (B), neophytadiene (C), γ-sitosterol (D), and EGCG (E) to the active binding sites of elastase.

Figure 6

2D binding modes of α-tocopherol (A), β-tocopherol (B), neophytadiene (C), γ-sitosterol (D), and EGCG (E) to the active binding sites of hyaluronidase.

Figure 7

2D binding modes of α-tocopherol (A), β-tocopherol (B), neophytadiene (C), γ-sitosterol (D), and kojic acid (E) to the active binding sites of tyrosinase.