Incidence of Peri-Implantitis and Relationship with Different Conditions: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Articles on the prevalence of peri-implant diseases showed that 90% of peri-implant tissues had some form of inflammatory response and a prevalence of peri-implantitis from 28% to 51% according to various publications. Objective: To provide an overview of how risk factors can be related with peri-implantitis. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study including 555 implants placed in 132 patients was evaluated based on the presence of peri-implantitis following the criteria of Renvert et al. 2018. Results: In total, 21 patients (15.9%) suffered peri-implantitis (PPG) and 111 patients (84.1%) did not suffer peri-implantitis (NPG). The results reveal that smokers have a high incidence of peri-implantitis (72.7%) compared to non-smokers (27.3%) (p < 0.0005). Another variable with significant results (p < 0.01) was periodontitis: 50% PPG and 23.9% NPG suffered advanced periodontitis. Systemic diseases such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases do not show a statistically significant influence on the incidence of peri-implantitis. Patients who did not attend their maintenance therapy appointment had an incidence of peri-implantitis of 61.4%, compared to 27.3% in those who attend (p < 0.0001). From the results obtained, we can conclude that relevant factors affect peri-implantitis, such as tobacco habits, moderate and severe periodontitis, and attendance in maintenance therapy.

Keywords: osseointegration; osseous defects; peri-implant disease; peri-implant health; peri-implant mucositis; peri-implantitis; risk factor; risk indicator.

Figure 1

Measurement of radiographic bone loss.

Figure 2

Statistical significance of general variables in peri-implantitis taking the patients as unit. Different variables: PPG—Non-smokers (27.3% * 5), NPG—Non-smokers (77.3% * 5). PPG—less than 10/day (40.9% * 3), NPG—less than 10/day (14.8% * 3). PPG—More 10/day (31.8% * 4), NPG—More 10/day (8% * 4). PPG—Non-Consumers (75% * 2), PPG—Non-Consumers (92% * 2). PPG—Heavy consumers (11.4% * 1), NPG (2.3% * 1). * 1: p < 0.05; * 2: p < 0.01; * 3: p < 0.001, * 4: p < 0.0001; * 5: p < 0.00001.

Figure 3

No statistical significance of systemic diseases in peri-implantitis taking the patients as unit.

Figure 4

Variables related to periodontal disease and tooth loss according to peri-implantitis taking the patients as the unit. Different variables: PPG—Non-Periodontal (4.5% * 1), NPG—Non-Periodontal (5.7% * 1). PPG—Mild Periodontitis (13.6% * 1), NPG—Mild Periodontitis (29.5% * 1), PPG—Periodontitis (84.1% * 1), NPG—Periodontitis (65.9% * 1). PPG—no periodontitis (15.9% * 1), NPG—no periodontitis (34.1% * 1). 1: p < 0.05.

Figure 5

Variables related to follow-up and maintenance according to peri-implantitis taking the patients as the unit. Different variables: PPG—Non-maintenance (71.4% * 3), NPG—Non-maintenance (27.3% * 3), PPG—Maintenance every 12 months (18.2% * 2), NPG—Maintenance every 12 months (43.2% * 2). * 1: p < 0.05; * 2: p < 0.01; * 3: p < 0.001, * 4: p < 0.0001, * 5: p < 0.00001.

Figure 6

Qualitative variables related to the implant according to peri-implantitis with the implant as a unit. Different variables: PPG—External Connection (11.6% * 5), NPG—External Connection (1.9% * 5). * 1: p < 0.05; * 2: p < 0.01; * 3: p < 0.001, * 4: p < 0.0001, * 5: p < 0.00001.