Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Apr 11:377:e062659.
doi: 10.1136/bmj-2020-062659.

Dystonia

Anna Sadnicka  1   2 , Anne-Marthe Meppelink  3 , Adam Kalinowski  4 , Pippa Oakeshott  5 , Joost van den Dool  6
Affiliations

Dystonia

Anna Sadnicka et al. BMJ. .
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
Different clinical patterns of isolated dystonia. Children and adolescents typically present with a generalised dystonia whereas presentation in adults is usually with a focal dystonia
Fig 2
Fig 2
Onset of effect of botulinum toxin injections is usually after 2-3 days and an effect is maintained for approximately 3 months. The optimal interval between injections depends on the type of dystonia and individual response. Initially repeated injections can have a cumulative effect with baseline gains in symptomatic control
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Smit M, Albanese A, Benson M, et al. Collaborative Working Group . Dystonia management: what to expect from the future? The perspectives of patients and clinicians within DystoniaNet Europe. Front Neurol 2021;12:646841. 10.3389/fneur.2021.646841 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. . Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord 2013;28:863-73. 10.1002/mds.25475 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fung VS, Jinnah HA, Bhatia K, Vidailhet M. Assessment of patients with isolated or combined dystonia: an update on dystonia syndromes. Mov Disord 2013;28:889-98. 10.1002/mds.25549 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Marsden CD, Quinn NP. The dystonias. BMJ 1990;300:139-44. 10.1136/bmj.300.6718.139 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Neychev VK, Gross RE, Lehéricy S, Hess EJ, Jinnah HA. The functional neuroanatomy of dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2011;42:185-201. 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.026 - DOI - PMC - PubMed