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. 2022 Apr 14;23(1):145.
doi: 10.1186/s12882-022-02738-2.

Comparing prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors between population-based surveys in Russia and Norway

Sarah Cook  1   2 , Marit D Solbu  3   4 , Anne Elise Eggen  5 , Olena Iakunchykova  5 , Maria Averina  5   6 , Laila A Hopstock  5 , Kamila Kholmatova  5   7 , Alexander V Kudryavtsev  5   7 , David A Leon  8   5   9 , Sofia Malyutina  10   11 , Andrew Ryabikov  10   11 , Elizabeth Williamson  8 , Dorothea Nitsch  8
Affiliations

Comparing prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors between population-based surveys in Russia and Norway

Sarah Cook et al. BMC Nephrol. .

Abstract

Background: Little data exists on the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Russian population. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD in a population-based study in Russia, compare with a similar study in Norway, and investigate whether differences in risk factors explained between-study differences in CKD.

Methods: We compared age- and sex-standardised prevalence of reduced eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73m2 CKD-EPI creatinine equation), albuminuria and or a composite indicator of CKD (one measure of either reduced eGFR or albuminuria) between participants aged 40-69 in the population-based Know Your Heart (KYH) study, Russia (2015-2018 N = 4607) and the seventh Tromsø Study (Tromsø7), Norway (2015-2016 N = 17,646). We assessed the contribution of established CKD risk factors (low education, diabetes, hypertension, antihypertensive use, smoking, obesity) to between-study differences using logistic regression.

Results: Prevalence of reduced eGFR or albuminuria was 6.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 5.4, 7.7) in KYH and 4.6% (95% CI 4.0, 5.2) in Tromsø7 standardised for sex and age. Odds of both clinical outcomes were higher in KYH than Tromsø7 (reduced eGFR OR 2.06 95% CI 1.67, 2.54; albuminuria OR 1.54 95% CI 1.16, 2.03) adjusted for sex and age. Risk factor adjustment explained the observed between-study difference in albuminuria (OR 0.92 95% CI 0.68, 1.25) but only partially reduced eGFR (OR 1.42 95% CI 1.11, 1.82). The strongest explanatory factors for the between-study difference was higher use of antihypertensives (Russian sample) for reduced eGFR and mean diastolic blood pressure for albuminuria.

Conclusions: We found evidence of a higher burden of CKD within the sample from the population in Arkhangelsk and Novosibirsk compared to Tromsø, partly explained by between-study population differences in established risk factors. In particular hypertension defined by medication use was an important factor associated with the higher CKD prevalence in the Russian sample.

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Epidemiology; Norway; Risk factors; Russian Federation.

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Conflict of interest statement

DN has received funding for two GSK funded studies looking at aspects of kidney function in children and adults in Sub-Saharan Africa in the past 36 months and is the UK Renal Association Director of Informatics Research. DAL declares institutional payment for consultancy work providing expert advice on determinants of longevity as a member of a scientific panel. EW has received payments from AZ for providing statistical training, unrelated to the submitted work. SM and AR are supported by Russian Academy of Science (State assignment АААА-А17–117112850280-2). SM declares additionally funding for equipment and travel as part of the International Project on Cardiovascular Disease in Russia (IPCDR) project funded by Wellcome Trust Strategic Award as detailed in funding statement. All other authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow Chart of Participants and predictors of missingness. a Flow chart of participants and predictors of missingness at each stage in the Know Your Heart study (2015–2018). b Flow chart of participants and Predictors of missingness in Tromsø Study (2015–2016)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease, reduced eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73m2) and albuminuria by age and study stratified by sex. a Prevalence of chronic kidney disease, reduced eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73m2) and albuminuria in men by age and study. b Prevalence of chronic kidney disease, reduced eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73m2) and albuminuria in women by age and study
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