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. 2022 Feb 7;12(8):4656-4671.
doi: 10.1039/d1ra04762k. eCollection 2022 Feb 3.

Investigation on structure, thermodynamic and multifunctional properties of Ni-Zn-Co ferrite for Gd3+ substitution

Affiliations

Investigation on structure, thermodynamic and multifunctional properties of Ni-Zn-Co ferrite for Gd3+ substitution

M D Hossain et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

This study presents a modification of structure-dependent elastic, thermodynamic, magnetic, transport and magneto-dielectric properties of a Ni-Zn-Co ferrite tailored by Gd3+ substitution at the B-site replacing Fe3+ ions. The synthesized composition of Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2-x Gd x O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) crystallized with a single-phase cubic spinel structure that belongs to the Fdm space group. The average particle size decreases due to Gd3+ substitution at Fe3+. Raman and IR spectroscopy studies illustrate phase purity, lattice dynamics with cation disorders and thermodynamic conditions inside the studied samples at room temperature (RT = 300 K). Ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition was observed in all samples where Curie temperature (T C) decreases from 731 to 711 K for Gd3+ substitution in Ni-Zn-Co ferrite. In addition, Gd3+ substitution reinforces to decrease the A-B exchange interaction. Temperature-dependent DC electrical resistivity (ρ DC) and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) have been surveyed with the variation of the grain size. The frequency-dependent dielectric properties and electric modulus at RT for all samples were observed from 20 Hz to 100 MHz and the conduction relaxation processes were found to spread over an extensive range of frequencies with the increase in the amount of Gd3+ in the Ni-Zn-Co ferrite. The RLC behavior separates the zone of frequencies ranging from resistive to capacitive regions in all the studied samples. Finally, the matching impedance (Z/η 0) for all samples was evaluated over an extensive range of frequencies for the possible miniaturizing application.

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Conflict of interest statement

There is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Structural analysis for Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) using (a) Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns (b) variations of lattice constants and crystallite size with the Gd content substitution and (c) variations of Hopping lengths with Gd content (x).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. (a–f) TEM micrographs obtained for Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) nanoparticles along with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern and the diffraction rings well-matched with the spinel structure.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. (a) Raman spectra of Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) scanned from 200 cm−1 to 1600 cm−1 (b) the effective force constants of tetrahedral (FT) and octahedral (FO) positions sites estimated from Raman spectra.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. (a) IR spectroscopy for Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) samples scanned from 350 cm−1 to 1600 cm−1. (b) Forces constants of Fe–O at the octahedral site (kFe–OO) and tetrahedral site (kFe–OT), (c) Fe–O bond length octahedral site (LFe–OO) and tetrahedral site (LFe–OT) (d) overall force constant of ions at the octahedral site (KO) and tetrahedral site (KT) (e) cation–anion bond length at the octahedral site (LO) and tetrahedral site (LT).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. (a) Deviation of Young's modulus (E) and rigidity modulus (G) due to Gd3+ substitution in Ni–Zn–Co ferrite and (b) variation of the mean elastic wave velocity (Vm) and Debye temperature (θD) due to Gd3+ substitution for in Ni–Zn–Co spinel ferrite.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. (a) Temperature-dependent real permeability (μ′) for Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) (b) thermo-magnetization under 1 kOe magnetic field with (b) First order derivative of magnetization with the variation of temperature.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. The variation Curie temperature (TC) and exchange interaction (J) due to Gd3+ substitution in Ni–Zn–Co ferrite.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. (a) Temperature-dependent DC resistivity (ρDC) for Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) samples and (b) The inset showing lnσDCvs. 1000/T plot and (c) variations of TCR with temperature for Gd3+ substitution in Ni–Zn–Co ferrite.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. Linear fitting of Arrhenius plot in between lnσDC and 1000/T for Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 at two temperature regions where (a) x = 0.00, (b) x = 0.02, (c) x = 0.05, (d) x = 0.07, (e) x = 0.10 and (f) x = 0.12.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. Frequency-dependent dielectric properties of Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) where (a) absolute value of dielectric constant (|ε|) and (b) absolute electric modulus (|M|) estimated in the range of 20 Hz to 100 MHz at room temperature.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. Complex modulus plane plots for Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) ferrites.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. The frequency-dependent impedance (Z) and RLC behavior of Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) samples at RT (300 K) where, (a) absolute value of impedance (|Z|) (b) phase angle for x = 0.00 and 0.02, (c) for x = 0.05 and 0.07 and (d) for x = 0.10 and 0.12.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13. (a) Frequency-dependent Z/η0 values and (b) Transmission wavelength (λ) for Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2−xGdxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) samples at RT (300 K).

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