Nanomaterials and metal-organic frameworks for biosensing applications of mutations of the emerging viruses

Abstract

The world today lives in a state of terrible fear due to the mutation of the emerging COVID-19. With the continuation of this pandemic, there is an urgent need for fast, accurate testing devices to detect the emerging SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in terms of biosensors and point-of-care testing. Besides, the urgent development in personal defense tools, anti-viral surfaces and wearables, and smartphones open the door for simplifying the self-diagnosis process everywhere. This review introduces a quick COVID-19 overview: definition, transmission, pathophysiology, the identification and diagnosis, mutation and transformation, and the global situation. It also focuses on an overview of the rapidly advanced technologies based on nanomaterials and MOFs for biosensing, diagnosing, and viral control of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Finally, highlight the latest technologies, applications, existing achievements, and preventive diagnostic strategies to control this epidemic and combat the emerging coronavirus. This humble effort aims to provide a helpful survey that can be used to develop a creative solution and to lay down the future vision of diagnosis against COVID-19.

Keywords: Antiviral wearable; COVID-19; Metal-organic frameworks; Nanomaterials; POCT; Smartphone nano-biosensor.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Global situation of COVID-19 updated by the World Health Organization.

Fig. 2

Showed a schematic of COVID-19 components viral structure, proteins, and a cross-sectional representation. [modified from Ref. (29)].

Fig. 3

Representing the non-structural and structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 genome organization. “(N, Nucleocapsid; M, Membrane; E, Envelope; S, Spike; HE, Hemagglutinin Esterase; ORF, Open Reading Frame; CP, Cytoplasm Domain; TM, Transmembrane Domain; HR1, Heptad Repeat 1; HR2, Heptad Repeat 2; FP, Fusion Peptide; ESD, External Subdomain; NTD, N-Terminal Domain; SP, Signal Peptide; S1, Subunit 1(Receptor attachment); S2, Subunit 2 (Fusion); TMPRSS2, Transmembrane Protease/Serine Subfamily Member 2; and RBD, Receptor Binding Domain). [modified from Ref. (12)]”.

Fig. 4

Schematics showing the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 virus toward the host cell: Entry, replication, transmission, and the associated immune response. “[3D images adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus, CC BY-SA 4.0]”.

Fig. 5

The schematic shows the precautions that the person should take to avoid the infection with SARS-CoV-2.

Fig. 6

The authors' vision for pandemic management and suggested solutions.

Fig. 7

COVID-19 and different types of viruses' detection using biosensors based on different technologies flowchart (at right), and biosensor main components flow chart (at left).

Fig. 8

A schematic representation for the classification of nano-materials and examples for their different applications.

Fig. 9

Systematic representation for the MOFs common: main synthetic methodologies, properties, and applications.