Effects of Chronological Age, Relative Age, and Maturation Status on Accumulated Training Load and Perceived Exertion in Young Sub-Elite Football Players

Abstract

The aims of this study were 1) to analyze the influence of chronological age, relative age, and biological maturation on accumulated training load and perceived exertion in young sub-elite football players and 2) to understand the interaction effects amongst age grouping, maturation status, and birth quartiles on accumulated training load and perceived exertion in this target population. A 6-week period (18 training sessions and 324 observation cases) concerning 60 young male sub-elite football players grouped into relative age (Q1 to Q4), age group (U15, U17, and U19), and maturation status (Pre-peak height velocity (PHV), Mid-PHV, and Post-PHV) was established. External training load data were collected using 18 Hz global positioning system technology (GPS), heart-rate measures by a 1 Hz short-range telemetry system, and perceived exertion with total quality recovery (TQR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). U17 players and U15 players were 2.35 (95% CI: 1.25-4.51) and 1.60 (95% CI: 0.19-4.33) times more likely to pertain to Q1 and Q3, respectively. A negative magnitude for odds ratio was found in all four quartile comparisons within maturation status (95% CI: 6.72-0.64), except for Mid-PHV on Q2 (95% CI: 0.19-4.33). Between- and within-subject analysis reported significant differences in all variables on age group comparison measures (F = 0.439 to 26.636, p = 0.000 to 0.019, η² = 0.003-0.037), except for dynamic stress load (DSL). Between-subject analysis on maturity status comparison demonstrated significant differences for all training load measures (F = 6.593 to 14.424, p = 0.000 to 0.037, η² = 0.020-0.092). Interaction effects were found for age group x maturity band x relative age (Λ Pillai's = 0.391, Λ Wilk's = 0.609, F = 11.385, p = 0.000, η² = 0.391) and maturity band x relative age (Λ Pillai's = 0.252, Λ Wilk's = 0.769, F = 0.955, p = 0.004, η² = 0.112). Current research has confirmed the effects of chronological age, relative age, and biological maturation on accumulated training load. Perceived exertion does not seem to show any differences concerning age group or maturity status. Evidence should be helpful for professionals to optimize the training process and young football players' performance.

Keywords: GPS; RPE; growth; heart rate; workload; youth.

FIGURE 1

Baseline characteristics accumulated training load and perceived exertion according to age - grouping (A1-A4) maturity band (B1-B4) and relative age (C1-C4) using z score. Abbreviations: ACC - acceleration; AvHR - average heart rate. AvS - average speed; DEC - deceleration; HMLD - high metabolic load distance; HRmax - maximal heart rate; MRS - maximum running speed; n - number of events; RPE - ratings of perceived exertion; SPR - average sprint distance; SPR_N - number of sprints; sRPE - session ratings of perceived exertion; TD - total distance; TQR - total quality recovery; TRIMP - training impulse; U - Under; DSL - Dynamic stress load; PHV - peak height velocity.

FIGURE 2

Standardized (Cohen) difference for external training load, hear rate - based measures and perceived exertion according to age group (A1-A3) and maturation bands (B1-B3) post - hoc comparisons (A1) Pre-vs Mid-PHV; (A2) Pre-vs Post-PHV; (A3) Pre-vs Mid-PHV; (B1) Pre-va Mid-PHV; (B2) Pre-vs Post-PHV. Significant differences are verified as: (A) U15 vs. U17; (B) U15 vs. U19; (C) U17 vs. U19. Abbreviations: ACC - acceleration; AvHR - average heart rate. AvS - average speed; DEC - deceleration; HMLD - high metabolic load distance; HRmax - maximal heart rate; MRS - maximum running speed; n - number of events; PHV - peak height velocity; RPE - ratings of perceived exertion; SPR - average sprint distance; SPR_N - number of sprints; sRPE - session ratings of perceived exertion; TD - total distance; TQR - total quality recovery; TRIMP - training impulse; U - Under; DSL - dynamic stress load; PHV - peak height velocity.