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. 2022 Apr 1:13:807935.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.807935. eCollection 2022.

Examining Motor Anticipation in Handwriting as an Indicator of Motor Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

Yasmina Crespo Cobo  1 , Sonia Kandel  2 , María Felipa Soriano  3 , Sergio Iglesias-Parro  1
Affiliations

Examining Motor Anticipation in Handwriting as an Indicator of Motor Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

Yasmina Crespo Cobo et al. Front Psychol. .

Abstract

Dysfunction in motor skills can be linked to alterations in motor processing, such as the anticipation of forthcoming graphomotor sequences. We expected that the difficulties in motor processing in schizophrenia would be reflected in a decrease of motor anticipation. In handwriting, motor anticipation concerns the ability to write a letter while processing information on how to produce the following letters. It is essential for fast and smooth handwriting, that is, for the automation of graphomotor gestures. In this study, we examined motor anticipation by comparing the kinematic characteristics of the first l in the bigrams ll and ln written on a digitiser. Previous studies indicated that the downstroke duration of the first l is modulated by the anticipation of the local constraints of the following letter. Twenty-four adult individuals with diagnosis of schizophrenia and 24 healthy adults participated in the study. The classic measures of duration (sec), trajectory (cm), and dysfluency (velocity peaks) were used for the kinematic analysis of the upstroke (US) and downstroke (DS). In the control group, the duration of the downstroke of the l was longer in ln than ll (US: ln = ll; DS: ln > ll) whereas no differences were found for the group with schizophrenia. Likewise, the control group showed a longer DS trajectory for the l of ln than ll in downstrokes, while the group of patients failed to show this effect. These results suggest that the motor alterations in patients with schizophrenia could also affect their ability for motor anticipation.

Keywords: handwriting; kinematical measurement; motor alterations; motor anticipation; schizophrenia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Bigrams ll and ln. The upstroke refers to the ascending stroke and the downstroke to the descending stroke.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean movement time per stroke (Duration, sec.) across trials, as a function of group (Schizophrenia-SCZ vs. Control-CTRL), stroke direction (downstroke-DS vs. upstroke-US), and type of bigram (ll vs. ln). Error bars represent standard error.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean trajectory (path in cm of the pen) for each stroke across trials, as a function of group (Schizophrenia-SCZ vs. Control-CTRL), stroke direction (downstroke-DS vs. upstroke-US), and type of bigram (ll vs. ln). Error bars represent standard error.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mean Dysfluency (number of velocity peaks) across trials, as a function of group (Schizophrenia-SCZ vs. Control-CTRL), stroke direction (downstroke-DS vs. upstroke-US), and type of bigram (ll vs. ln). Error bars represent standard error.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Spearman coefficients for CPZ, educational level, illness years, PURDUE, SAS, PANSS, and the handwriting variables.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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