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. 2022 Aug;36(4):e13920.
doi: 10.1111/cobi.13920. Epub 2022 Jun 17.

Using land-use history and multiple baselines to determine bird responses to cocoa agroforestry

Dominic A Martin  1   2 , Estelle Raveloaritiana  3   4   5
Affiliations

Using land-use history and multiple baselines to determine bird responses to cocoa agroforestry

Dominic A Martin et al. Conserv Biol. 2022 Aug.

Abstract
in English, Spanish, Chinese

Agroforests can play an important role in biodiversity conservation in complex landscapes. A key factor distinguishing among agroforests is land-use history - whether agroforests are established inside forests or on historically forested but currently open lands. The disparity between land-use histories means the appropriate biodiversity baselines may differ, which should be accounted for when assessing the conservation value of agroforests. Specifically, comparisons between multiple baselines in forest and open land could enrich understanding of species' responses by contextualizing them. We made such comparisons based on data from a recently published meta-analysis of the effects of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) agroforestry on bird diversity. We regrouped rustic, mixed shade cocoa, and low shade cocoa agroforests, based on land-use history, into forest-derived and open-land-derived agroforests and compared bird species diversity (species richness, abundance, and Shannon's index values) between forest and open land, which represented the 2 alternative baselines. Bird diversity was similar in forest-derived agroforests and forests (Hedges' g* estimate [SE] = -0.3144 [0.3416], p = 0.36). Open-land-derived agroforests were significantly less diverse than forests (g* = 1.4312 [0.6308], p = 0.023) and comparable to open lands (g* = -0.1529 [0.5035], p = 0.76). Our results highlight how land-use history determined the conservation value of cocoa agroforests. Forest-derived cocoa agroforests were comparable to the available - usually already degraded - forest baselines, but entail future degradation risks. In contrast, open-land-derived cocoa agroforestry may offer restoration opportunities. Our results showed that comparisons among multiple baselines may inform relative contributions of agroforestry systems to bird conservation on a landscape scale.

El historial de uso del suelo y su comparación con diferentes lineas base informan la evaluación del valor de agrobosques de cacao para la coservación de aves Resumen Los agrobosques pueden tener un papel importante en la conservación de la biodiversidad dentro de paisajes complejos. Un factor importante que distingue a un agrobosque de otro es el historial de uso del suelo - si el agrobosque está establecido dentro de un bosque o en un área que históricamente fue un bosque y actualmente es un campo abierto. Esta disparidad en el historial del uso del suelo implica que las líneas base de biodiversidad pueden diferir, lo cual debe ser tomado en cuenta cuando se analice el valor de conservación de los agrobosques; específicamente, la contextualización de las comparaciones entre la variedad de líneas base en el bosque y el campo abierto podría enriquecer el entendimiento de la respuesta que tienen las especies. Realizamos dichas comparaciones basadas en datos de un metaanálisis recientemente publicado sobre los efectos de la agrosilvicultura de cacao (Theobroma cacao) en la diversidad de aves. Reagrupamos los agrobosques de cacao (rústico, sombra mixta y sombra mínima) en agrobosques derivados del bosque y agrobosques derivados del campo abierto en función al historial de uso del suelo y comparamos la diversidad de especies de aves (valores de riqueza de especies, abundancia e índice de Shannon) entre bosque y campo abierto, que representaron las dos líneas base alternativas. La diversidad de aves fue similar en los bosques y en agrobosques derivados de ellos (estimado g* de Hedges [SE] = -0.3144 [0.3416], p = 0.36). Los agrobosques derivados del campo abierto fueron significativamente menos diversos que los bosques (g* = 1.4312 [0.6308], p = 0.023) y comparables con los campos abiertos (g* = -0.1529 [0.5035], p = 0.76). Nuestros resultados destacan cómo el historial de uso del suelo determinó el valor de conservación de los agrobosques de cacao. Los agrobosques de cacao derivados del bosque fueron comparables con las líneas base - generalmente ya degradadas - de bosque disponibles, pero conllevan riesgo de degradación futuro. Al contrario, los agrobosques de cacao derivados del campo abierto podrián ofrecer oportunidades de restauración. Nuestros resultados muestran que las comparaciones entre varias líneas base pueden informar sobre las contribuciones relativas de la agrosilvicultura a la conservación de aves en la escala de paisaje.

复合农林可以在复杂景观的生物多样性保护中发挥重要作用。区分复合农林的一个关键因素是土地利用历史, 即复合农林是建立在森林内部还是建立在历史上有森林但目前是开阔地的区域。土地利用历史之间的差异意味着适用的生物多样性基线可能不同, 在评估复合农林的保护价值时应考虑到这一点。具体来说, 考虑环境背景并使用多个基线来比较森林和开阔地, 可以丰富对物种响应的理解。我们根据最近发表的可可 (Theobroma cacao) 复合农林业对鸟类多样性影响的荟萃分析数据进行了比较。我们根据土地利用历史, 将乡村、混合遮荫和低遮荫的可可复合农林重新分为来自森林的农林和来自开阔地的农林, 并比较了森林和开阔地之间的鸟类物种多样性 (物种丰富度、丰度和香农指数), 以代表两个替代基线。结果显示, 来自森林的农林和森林中鸟类多样性相似 (Hedges’ g*估计值 [SE] 为−0.3144 [0.3416], p = 0.36)。来自开阔地的农林鸟类多样性明显低于森林 (g* = 1.4312 [0.6308], p = 0.023), 而与开阔地相当 (g* = −0.1529 [0.5035], p = 0.76) 。我们的结果强调了土地利用历史如何决定可可农林的保护价值。来自森林的可可农林与现有的 (通常已退化) 森林基线相当, 但存在未来退化的风险。相比之下, 来自开阔地的可可农林则可能提供恢复的机会。我们的结果表明, 利用多个基线进行比较可以为景观尺度上农林业对鸟类保护的相对贡献提供信息。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.

Keywords: agrobosque derivado de bosque; agrobosque derivado de campo abierto; agroecology; agroecología; cacao; conservación; conservation; degradación forestal; forest degradation; forest-derived agroforest; meta-analysis; open-land-derived agroforest; ornithology; ornitología; review; 保护; 可可; 来自开阔地的农林、鸟类学; 来自森林的农林; 森林退化; 综述; 荟萃分析.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Concept of land‐use history in agroforestry systems. (a) Forest‐derived agroforests established in forests and open‐land‐derived agroforests established on open lands that were historically forested. (b) Hypothetical outcomes of agroforest establishment based on the consideration of land‐use history. Forest‐derived agroforests are likely more biodiverse, but represent a degradation of forest, whereas open‐land‐derived agroforests may increase biodiversity compared to a contemporary open land baseline. (c) Hypothetical relationship of biodiversity with agroforestry without accounting for land‐use history (horizontal line, forest baseline). Forest‐ and open‐land‐derived agroforests are not separated and collectively compared with the forest baseline (horizontal line), as is open land. (d) Hypothetical relationship of biodiversity with agroforestry systems accounting for land‐use history. Forest‐derived agroforests are compared with forests, while open‐land‐derived agroforests are compared with open lands.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Comparison of (a) forest‐derived cocoa agroforests, open‐land‐derived cocoa agroforests, and open lands with forest baseline (horizontal line) and (b) open‐land‐derived cocoa agroforests compared with open‐land baseline (horizontal line) (asterisks, estimated Hedges' g*: *p< 0.05, ***p< 0.001; n. s., not significant)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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