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Review
. 2022 Jun;600(12):2835-2851.
doi: 10.1113/JP282768. Epub 2022 Apr 27.

Late sodium current: incomplete inactivation triggers seizures, myotonias, arrhythmias, and pain syndromes

Mohamed A Fouda  1   2 , Mohammad-Reza Ghovanloo  3   4   5 , Peter C Ruben  1
Affiliations
Free article
Review

Late sodium current: incomplete inactivation triggers seizures, myotonias, arrhythmias, and pain syndromes

Mohamed A Fouda et al. J Physiol. 2022 Jun.
Free article

Abstract

Acquired and inherited dysfunction in voltage-gated sodium channels underlies a wide range of diseases. In addition to defects in trafficking and expression, sodium channelopathies are caused by dysfunction in one or several gating properties, for instance activation or inactivation. Disruption of channel inactivation leads to increased late sodium current, which is a common defect in seizure disorders, cardiac arrhythmias skeletal muscle myotonia and pain. An increase in late sodium current leads to repetitive action potentials in neurons and skeletal muscles, and prolonged action potential duration in the heart. In this Topical Review, we compare the effects of late sodium current in brain, heart, skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves.

Keywords: arrhythmia; inactivation; myotonia; pain; seizure; sodium channel; voltage-gated channels.

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